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Gender differences exist in many health conditions, and COVID-19 is no different. It appears that with regards to the novel coronavirus, mens health is less robust.

This global phenomenon is particularly visible in some countries. In Thailand, males account for a massive 81% of COVID-19 related deaths, in England and Wales, its 61%.

What are the reasons for the considerable difference between the sexes? We spoke to Dr Anthony Kaveh, MD, physician anesthesiologist, and integrative medicine specialist.

Men are disproportionately affected by COVID-19 than women. From preliminary data, possible reasons include behavioural, baseline health, and genetic differences between men and women, says Dr Kaveh.

Lets look at what we know about COVID-19 infections among men and women. But first, a little about how and why the sexes are different.

Men and women have vastly different biological characteristics, that develop thanks to our chromosomes. A chromosome is a bundle of coiled DNA, found in the nucleus of almost every cell in the body. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes.

The sex chromosomes determine whether you develop as a male or female.

In humans, women have two larger X chromosomes (XX), whereas men have a single X chromosome and a much smaller Y chromosome (XY) that has relatively fewer gene copies.

When an embryo is developing in the womb, these chromosomes dictate the future sex of the baby.

One of the genes found on the Y chromosomes, the SRY gene, starts testicular development in an XY embryo. The testicles begin to make testosterone which directs the embryo to develop as a male.

In an XX embryo, there is no SRY gene, so instead, an ovary develops which makes female hormones.

This basic, biological variation between the sexes can affect COVID-19 infection rates.

Although essential for male health, testosterone levels are also linked to a range of medical conditions.

Men are five times more likely to suffer an aortic aneurysm and three times more likely to develop kidney stones. Men also tend to die at a younger age than women.

Oestrogen is a predominantly female hormone that provides protective effects from conditions, including heart disease. Men cannot benefit from its positive health effects, as they only produce low levels.

However, Dr Kaveh says that The immunologic effects of oestrogen in protecting against COVID-19 are theoretical and dont yet provide a mechanism to explain our observations.

Oestrogen is a predominantly female hormone that provides protective effects from conditions.

Testosterone could have a role to play in COVID-19 infection rates. High levels of testosterone can suppress an immune response. Researchers found that women and men with lower levels of testosterone had higher antibody responses to an influenza vaccine.

The X chromosome has about 900 genes, the Y chromosome, just 55. Women have a genetic advantage with two X chromosomes because if there is a mutation in one, the other gene provides a buffer.

Men have more sex-linked diseases such as the blood clotting disorder, haemophilia, and suffer from an increased rate of metabolic disorders. The protective XX effect explains why male death rates are frequently higher.

The female immune system is stronger.

The female immune system is stronger. Concerning COVID-19 infections, Dr Kaveh says Genetic factors are often considered, including the more active female immune system. While a more active immune system would make sense to protect against COVID-19, it would be expected to worsen the cytokine storm we observe in severe COVID-19 infection.

However, there is no evidence to support that cytokine storms, which are potentially lethal, excessive immune responses, are more common in women.

If more men are testing positive for COVD-19, could the simple reason be that more men are tested than women? In fact, it seems the opposite is true.

Within the context of our early statistics, women are tested more frequently than men, but men have more positive tests. This may reflect a male stoicism that leads to delayed care, says Dr Kaveh.

Men are not as likely as women to seek medical attention. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported that women were 33% more likely than men to visit a doctor, even excluding pregnancy-related visits.

Women are tested more frequently than men, but men have more positive tests.

It seems like the reason for higher infection and death statistics in men is not due to a bias in testing.

Obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and smoking are also predictors of COVID-19 hospitalisation, but the breakdown is difficult to correlate, said Dr Kaveh.

People of either sex are more likely to suffer from complications from coronavirus if they have certain pre-existing health conditions, or engage in behaviours such as smoking and excessive alcohol consumption.

These health conditions and behaviours tend to be more common in men, which could affect the imbalance that we see in COVID-19 infections.

The association between risk factors and infection rate are not yet fully understood. For example, hypertension is more common in men until menopause, at which point female rates quickly rise, explains Dr Kaveh. In this case, we should be seeing an increase in the COVID-19 infection rate for women who have reached menopausal age, yet this is not the case.

The association between risk factors and infection rate are not yet fully understood.

Obesity, a risk factor for diabetes, affects women more than men globally. However, diabetes is slightly more prevalent in men. These comorbid conditions dont fully explain the COVID-19 observations, and neither does smoking, says Dr Kaveh.

Smoking is a risk factor for all respiratory diseases and also of lung cancer which is another COVID-19 risk factor.

In China, about 50% of men smoke and only 2% of women. These figures could contribute to the high ratio of male deaths which are more than double the rate of female deaths.

These differences in smoking and death rates are not as extreme in other countries. Risky behaviour cannot fully explain sex bias in COVID-19 infections.

As yet, it seems like there is no definitive answer as to why more men are suffering severe COVID-19 infections. More research is needed.

We are still very early in our global epidemiological observations of COVID-19. More complete data in the coming months will hopefully provide more clues to explain our observations, concluded Dr Kaveh.

Last updated: 30-04-2020

Link:
Coronavirus deaths: why are more men dying from COVID-19 than women? - Netdoctor

From Netdoctor

Gender differences exist in many health conditions, and COVID-19 is no different. It appears that with regards to the novel coronavirus, mens health is less robust.

This global phenomenon is particularly visible in some countries. In Thailand, males account for a massive 81% of COVID-19 related deaths, in England and Wales, its 61%.

What are the reasons for the considerable difference between the sexes? We spoke to Dr Anthony Kaveh, MD, physician anesthesiologist, and integrative medicine specialist.

Men are disproportionately affected by COVID-19 than women. From preliminary data, possible reasons include behavioural, baseline health, and genetic differences between men and women, says Dr Kaveh.

Lets look at what we know about COVID-19 infections among men and women. But first, a little about how and why the sexes are different.

Men and women have vastly different biological characteristics, that develop thanks to our chromosomes. A chromosome is a bundle of coiled DNA, found in the nucleus of almost every cell in the body. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes.

The sex chromosomes determine whether you develop as a male or female.

In humans, women have two larger X chromosomes (XX), whereas men have a single X chromosome and a much smaller Y chromosome (XY) that has relatively fewer gene copies.

When an embryo is developing in the womb, these chromosomes dictate the future sex of the baby.

One of the genes found on the Y chromosomes, the SRY gene, starts testicular development in an XY embryo. The testicles begin to make testosterone which directs the embryo to develop as a male.

In an XX embryo, there is no SRY gene, so instead, an ovary develops which makes female hormones.

This basic, biological variation between the sexes can affect COVID-19 infection rates.

Although essential for male health, testosterone levels are also linked to a range of medical conditions.

Men are five times more likely to suffer an aortic aneurysm and three times more likely to develop kidney stones. Men also tend to die at a younger age than women.

Oestrogen is a predominantly female hormone that provides protective effects from conditions, including heart disease. Men cannot benefit from its positive health effects, as they only produce low levels.

However, Dr Kaveh says that The immunologic effects of oestrogen in protecting against COVID-19 are theoretical and dont yet provide a mechanism to explain our observations.

Testosterone could have a role to play in COVID-19 infection rates. High levels of testosterone can suppress an immune response. Researchers found that women and men with lower levels of testosterone had higher antibody responses to an influenza vaccine.

The X chromosome has about 900 genes, the Y chromosome, just 55. Women have a genetic advantage with two X chromosomes because if there is a mutation in one, the other gene provides a buffer.

Men have more sex-linked diseases such as the blood clotting disorder, haemophilia, and suffer from an increased rate of metabolic disorders. The protective XX effect explains why male death rates are frequently higher.

The female immune system is stronger. Concerning COVID-19 infections, Dr Kaveh says Genetic factors are often considered, including the more active female immune system. While a more active immune system would make sense to protect against COVID-19, it would be expected to worsen the cytokine storm we observe in severe COVID-19 infection.

However, there is no evidence to support that cytokine storms, which are potentially lethal, excessive immune responses, are more common in women.

If more men are testing positive for COVD-19, could the simple reason be that more men are tested than women? In fact, it seems the opposite is true.

Within the context of our early statistics, women are tested more frequently than men, but men have more positive tests. This may reflect a male stoicism that leads to delayed care, says Dr Kaveh.

Men are not as likely as women to seek medical attention. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported that women were 33% more likely than men to visit a doctor, even excluding pregnancy-related visits.

Story continues

It seems like the reason for higher infection and death statistics in men is not due to a bias in testing.

Obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and smoking are also predictors of COVID-19 hospitalisation, but the breakdown is difficult to correlate, said Dr Kaveh.

People of either sex are more likely to suffer from complications from coronavirus if they have certain pre-existing health conditions, or engage in behaviours such as smoking and excessive alcohol consumption.

These health conditions and behaviours tend to be more common in men, which could affect the imbalance that we see in COVID-19 infections.

The association between risk factors and infection rate are not yet fully understood. For example, hypertension is more common in men until menopause, at which point female rates quickly rise, explains Dr Kaveh. In this case, we should be seeing an increase in the COVID-19 infection rate for women who have reached menopausal age, yet this is not the case.

Obesity, a risk factor for diabetes, affects women more than men globally. However, diabetes is slightly more prevalent in men. These comorbid conditions dont fully explain the COVID-19 observations, and neither does smoking, says Dr Kaveh.

Smoking is a risk factor for all respiratory diseases and also of lung cancer which is another COVID-19 risk factor.

In China, about 50% of men smoke and only 2% of women. These figures could contribute to the high ratio of male deaths which are more than double the rate of female deaths.

These differences in smoking and death rates are not as extreme in other countries. Risky behaviour cannot fully explain sex bias in COVID-19 infections.

As yet, it seems like there is no definitive answer as to why more men are suffering severe COVID-19 infections. More research is needed.

We are still very early in our global epidemiological observations of COVID-19. More complete data in the coming months will hopefully provide more clues to explain our observations, concluded Dr Kaveh.

Last updated: 30-04-2020

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Coronavirus deaths: why are more men dying from COVID-19 than women? - Yahoo Style

The novel coronavirus seems to be killing more men than women.

The trend was first noticed in China, experts say, and the higher COVID-19 death rate for men has since been documented in 33 countries, including Germany, Spain and South Korea. But experts dont know whats causing the gap. Is it biological, some quirk of cells and hormones? Is it the result of gendered behaviors that have more to do with sociology than sex chromosomes? Lets break down whats going on, because experts say mens risk level depends on what risks (and which men) youre talking about.

While men account for the majority of COVID-19 cases in some countries but a minority of cases in others, they consistently make up the majority of deaths. Out of 35 countries that have reported their COVID deaths in ways that break out victims by sex, 33 had a male-female death ratio greater than 1, meaning men who were confirmed to have the disease were more likely to die than women who were confirmed to have it, according to data compiled by Global Health 50/50, a independent health equity research organization based at University College London. So far, the mortality disadvantage for men is quite large, said Jennifer Dowd, a professor of demography and population health at the University of Oxford.

Share of COVID-19 patients who died, by gender

Numbers in this table come from different dates, depending on the country and how frequently it updates its publicly available data. Most of the data is dated to April 26-29, though a few countries numbers are from earlier in April. Chinas data is from Feb. 28 and Irans is from March 17.

Source: Global Health 50/50

This dynamic isnt new to medicine. Women have stronger adaptive immune responses and die less of infectious disease their entire lives, starting from infant mortality, Dowd said. In general, womens bodies kick out bacterial and viral invaders faster than mens do, and vaccines work better for women than for men.

To see why, look to hormones and genetics, said Sabra Klein, professor of microbiology and immunology at Johns Hopkins University. Sex hormones appear to play a role determining how well human bodies can fight off disease. In general, estrogens amp up the immune system, while androgens (like testosterone) and progesterone suppress it. Hormones have to interact with cells to do their jobs, Klein said, so cells have a lock and hormones have the key to get in. And, turns out, every immune cell in your body has these kinds of lock-and-key receptors.

Sex chromosomes also play a role. The X chromosome, for example, has 60 genes associated with immune function. Most biological males are born with one X chromosome, but those immune-boosting genes tend to be expressed more frequently in women, who generally have two X chromosomes, Klein said.

But if youre tempted to think those sex differences boil down to men are more likely to die from infectious disease, Klein cautioned that the generalization is not true across the board. Sex differentiation in influenza has been pretty well studied, she told me, and, in that case, womens more aggressive immune systems dont give us an advantage. Having too much of an inflammatory immune response to the flu can actually increase your risk of complications including acute respiratory distress syndrome, when the lungs tiny air sacs, called alveoli, are damaged and fill with fluid. Reproductive-age women do worse, not better, Klein said.

But while researchers know a decent amount about sex differences in influenza, the novel coronavirus is, yes, novel. Any research on it is a work in progress, proceeding without full data. That starts with basic documentation.

On April 28th, the United States had reported 57,318 deaths from the novel coronavirus, but only 31,586 of those deaths had been reported in ways that allowed Global Health 50/50 to break them down by sex. None of the researchers I spoke with knew why that data isnt getting reported. But without it, theyre left to a lot of guesswork and speculation. Its safe to assume that deaths in the U.S. are probably following the patterns seen in many other countries but we dont know for sure that thats true.

Then theres the fact that the variations in how this virus affects people probably isnt just about whats in their chromosomes or hormones. Its also about sociological gender the attitudes, stereotypes and norms that shape the ways people behave and the choices they make.

For example, a 2016 meta-analysis showed that women are about 50 percent more likely than men to start using non-pharmaceutical protective behaviors during a pandemic things like wearing face masks or avoiding public transit. Men, meanwhile, were about 12 percent more likely than women to sign up for vaccines, take antiviral medication, or use other pharmaceutical interventions. Those differences in behavior arent determined by biology, but they could help create variations in how a virus affects men and women.

Rosemary Morgan, a scientist at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health who studies how gender and sex interact with public health, thinks these kinds of effects are happening with COVID-19. But how and to what extent thats unknown. It also probably differs from country to country, thanks to the way gender norms also arent consistent everywhere you go.

Case in point: When data on sex disparities in COVID-19 deaths first began to come in from China, it wasnt clear that the differences in death rates there would mean other counties were going to experience the same thing. Thats because China has particularly gendered smoking habits, Dowd told me. In a 2010 study, 54 percent of Chinese men surveyed were current smokers. In contrast, the same study found that less than 3 percent of Chinese women currently smoked. Although sex differences in COVID-19 death rates have cropped up again in other countries, its likely that this gender disparity in smoking plays a role in why 64 percent of Chinas COVID-19 deaths have been among men even though men account for right around half of Chinas confirmed cases.

Gender norms may also influence the niches where women are getting the disease more than men, despite mens higher death rates. When the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention looked at the characteristics of health care workers who have contracted COVID-19, it found that 73 percent were women. Why are female health care workers getting infected at much higher rates? Part of it likely has to do with their higher odds of exposure.

Nurses jobs put them in close physical contact with patients who have COVID-19 and other infectious diseases, and more than 70 percent of nurses are women. Meanwhile, the personal protective equipment meant to help keep medical workers safe often isnt designed with women in mind. Gloves can be too large. Masks dont always fit womens faces with a tight seal. Gender dynamics could be putting a largely female workforce in harms way.

In the end, regardless of your sex or your gender the risks you face from COVID-19 are probably somewhat unique to you. But if we want to figure out just what, exactly, those risks are, were going to need more data.

More:
Why Are More Men Than Women Dying Of COVID-19? - FiveThirtyEight

A coalition of international womens groups have signed a petition urging the International Olympic Committee to suspend their guidelines allowing transgender athletes from competing in womens sports.

Save Womens Sports spearheaded the petition Monday, pushing the IOC to re-evaluate their transgender participation guidelines, which permit biological males who identify as female to participate in womens sports.

Due to the coronavirus pandemic, the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games were postponed until July 2021. The IOC announced that it would wait until after the Olympics to publish new guidelines on transgender athletes.

Save Womens Sports is urging the IOC to use the delay as an opportunity to re-examine the policies allowing transgendered people to compete in womens sports, which the group says has potentially devastating effects and discriminates against women on the basis of sex.

I looked at the IOC standards in 2015 thinking it would be the gold standard, Linda Blade, a co-founder of Save Womens Sports told the Daily Caller. And out of the blue they decided a man can self-identify as a woman and live like a woman and decrease testosterone a little bit, which is still more than what females are allowed to have, and just go into Olympic sports.

(Photo by OLI SCARFF/AFP via Getty Images)

Guidelines established in 2015 allow some biologically male athletes to compete in female events if those athletes maintain testosterone levels below 10 nanomoles per liter (nmol/L) for no less than 12 months. Athletes who transition from male to female can compete in the womens category without requiring surgery to remove their testes.

This level is still an order of magnitude higher than the average testosterone level in most females. Most womens testosterone is in the range of 0.0-3.0 nmol/L, Save Womens Sports said.

Mens testosterone levels are typically between 7.7 and 29.4 nmol/L.

There just wont be female sports anymore if theres also male bodies, Blade said.

Blade, who has been involved in athletics for most of her life and competed in track at the University of Maryland in the 80s, fears for the future of womens sports if biological males are allowed to compete alongside women.

Beth Stelzer, an amateur powerlifter and the founder of Save Womens Sports, warns that if we continue to allow males to compete as females in the Olympics, There will be mens Olympics, there will be co-ed Olympics, but there will no longer be womens Olympics.

The two women are not alone. Since launching the petition, theyve garnered signatures from people of 28 countries, and formed a coalition of womens organizations who back the effort.

Blade, who is the head of a Canadian athletic organization based in Alberta, describes how the Olympic Committee doesnt represent the views of the majority of people she knows athletes and parents who are concerned about the future of fair sports for women.

This is temporary virtue signaling where executives can pretend like theyre being woke and do all the virtuous stuff with the latest ideology, but we are delivering sport on the ground, she said.

Biology has taken a backseat to the ideology of a very small minority, she explains.

Sport is beautiful because it doesnt matter if youre Christian or Muslim, or Republican or Democrat. You leave your ideology at home and everybody goes on the track and competes on the basis of biology.

We dont pick a sport category on basis of religion or politics or any other ideology, and gender ideology is just that, an ideology. How in the world could we pick a sport category on the basis of ideology?

(Photo by Atsushi Tomura/Getty Images)

Concerned Women for America, a legislative action committee based in Washington, D.C., also supported the effort to change the IOC guidelines allowing transgender athletes to compete in womens Olympics sports. Doreen Denny told the Caller that theyre standing with women and girl athletes around the world whove been sidelined by political activism.

Female athletes are being forced to compete on an unfair playing field when males identifying as women are allowed to compete against them in womens sports, she said. The IOC policy denies the inherent advantages of male physiology and refutes scientific research proving that the distinction of sex matters in sports.

The topic of transgender athletes competing as the gender they identify has not only faced backlash at the Olympic level, but also at the high school level. Last month, Attorney General William Barr signed a statement of interest arguing against a policy allowing transgender athletes to compete in Connecticut high school sports s the gender they identify.

The move to involve the Justice Department comes after the Connecticut Interscholastic Athletic Conference argued that athletes can be allowed to compete as the gender they identify in accordance with state law.

Multiple female track stars files a lawsuit against the CIAC and several other local boards of education, alleging that two transgender athletes in particular have taken away titles from biological females. (RELATED: Attorney General Barr Gets Involved In Connecticut Transgender Athletes Case)

Alanna Smith spoke to the Daily Caller about a lawsuit filed to prevent transgender athletes from competing in her sport. (Screenshot Twitter: Shelby Talcott)

Denny says female athletes are confused, defeated, and increasingly angry in response to the policies.

Girls are saying whats the point if this is how its going to be? Many are too scared to speak up. Female athletes know their opportunities are on the line. They are being silenced by a cancel culture that is denying women the dignity, status, and equal opportunity that our laws and policies should affirm and protect.

Women fought long and hard to achieve the right to vote 100 years ago. Today we find ourselves having to fight over the meaning of sex and our status as women, she added.

Blade and Stelzer said the petition has amassed support from individuals and groups from all sides of the political spectrum, including left-leaning feminists and those who lean conservative.

This an incredible experience seeing these people from all backgrounds and beliefs come together to protect the definition of woman, Stelzer told the Caller. Fairness for women in the Olympics relies upon separation on the basis of the two sexes. Transgender women are male and it is not fair, by any means, for them to compete against women.

Blade says this cause is a hill shes willing to die on, and that while the minority of vocal transgender activists are a decade ahead, the silent majority of people are catching up.

We need to start getting back to a biological reality here. Traditional sports categories worked for a long time, and always will.

More:
International Coalition Of Womens Groups Sign Petition Pushing Olympic Committee To Bar Biological Males From Competing As Females - Daily Caller

Guys, does watching Godfather Part II make you feel like a hyped-up lone wolf? According to a 2004 study in Hormones and Behavior, thats because the macho movie has made your testosterone level rise 30%. Conversely, the study says, if you watch a romantic flick like When Harry Met Sally your testosterone level falls.

If only managing erectile dysfunction were as simple as choosing the right Netflix movie. In reality, low testosterone isnt the usual cause of ED; restricted blood flow is. The solution for most guys lies in treating the underlying health issue(s) that reduce blood flow, such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and high blood pressure.

A new study, using data from the European Male Ageing Study, shows how important it is to address those problems: Over about 12 years of follow-up, men with normal total testosterone levels and ED were at a 51% increased risk of death compared with men without ED.

Fortunately improving your lifestyle can normalize blood pressure, glucose levels, weight, your lousy LDL cholesterol and can ease or reverse Type 2 diabetes. That can make your blood flow better, along with your self-esteem. So, adopt and stick to a life-changing nutrition and exercise regimen (try Dr. Ozs System 20 for 20 at DoctorOz.com). Ask your doc if its safe for you to take meds that enhance genital blood flow, like Viagra. But dont rely on them. The smart solution is to upgrade your cardiovascular health by upgrading your lifestyle choices.

In the dark about weight loss? Turns out you should be!

Mehmet Oz, M.D. is host of The Dr. Oz Show, and Mike Roizen, M.D. is Chief Wellness Officer and Chair of Wellness Institute at Cleveland Clinic. To live your healthiest, tune into The Dr. Oz Show or visit http://www.sharecare.com.

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Erectile dysfunction is a symptom of an even bigger problem - Pampa News

Treatments for prostate cancer are always evolving, and now research is pointing to new ways of treating a cancer that has just begun to spread, or metastasize, after initial surgery or radiation. Doctors usually give hormonal therapies in these cases to block testosterone, which is a hormone that makes the cancer grow faster. But newer evidence shows that treating the metastatic tumors directly with radiation can produce better results.

In March, researchers published the latest study that supports this approach. Based at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in Baltimore, the team used a method for delivering powerful beams of high-dose radiation to very small cancers in the body. This approach is called stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR), and it can spare healthy tissues with remarkable precision. Doctors map out where to pinpoint the radiation in advance by putting patients into a computed tomography (CT) scanner that takes x-rays of the body from many different angles.

During their study, the Johns Hopkins team recruited 54 men with three or fewer metastatic tumors. All the men had already undergone initial treatment for cancer while it was still in the prostate, and some had also been treated with hormonal therapy, though not within six months of being enrolled for the research. The men were 68 years old on average, and they were each randomly assigned to one of two groups: A third of the men were placed in an observation (control) group, meaning they received no additional treatment until the study was over. The rest were given SABR at a rate of one to five treatments per tumor over a period of about a week.

Then the men were followed for six months and monitored for changes such as PSA increases, tumor growth, worsening symptoms, or how many men wound up on hormonal therapy.

Results showed that the SABR-treated men fared better in all respects. Overall, 19% of those who got the targeted radiation had their cancers progress, compared to 61% of men in the control group. Taken together, the findings support a view that all detectable lesions should be removed, if feasible, to maximize the odds of a cancer cure, according to the authors of an editorial accompanying the published paper.

What makes SABR effective for treating early-stage metastases? Scientists are trying to find out. The investigators behind this study speculated that irradiating visible traces of cancer might block signals that feed the growth of even smaller tumors that are still too small to see. Its also possible that radiation induces a sort of vaccinating effect, which prompts the immune system to attack other tumor cells.

Meanwhile, SABR could soon benefit from an ability to flag even smaller tumors for treatment. A new type of imaging scan called PMSA-targeted positron emissions tomography (PET) was tested in the study, and it found very small tumors that CT scanning had missed.

Dr. Marc Garnick, Gorman Brothers Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and editor in chief of HarvardProstateKnowledge.org, says the whole concept of treating metastatic prostate cancer is undergoing re-evaluation. He added, The findings in this case need to be supported with a larger study. However, this research provides more evidence that for patients with less extensive metastasis, SABR treatments can significantly delay systemic therapies such as chemotherapy or hormonal treatment.

The rest is here:
New radiation therapies keep advanced prostate cancer in check - Harvard Health Blog - Harvard Health

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common medical condition affecting women. In this,women start to produce more than normal amounts of male hormones. This causes a hormonalimbalance in the body leading to irregular periods anddifficulty inconceiving. It also increasesthe growth of hair on the body and face and contributes to health problems like heart disease anddiabetes.

Heres how it affects the body

Too much testosterone in the body can affect your menstrual cycle by preventing ovulation.It also disrupts sugar levels in the body. The body starts producing a higher-than-normal amount of insulin. When there is excess insulin in the body, it also increases the testosterone levels in the body causing absent or irregular periods, reduced fertility, alopecia or less hair on the head, hirsutism or excess hair on face and body, changes in the skin like dark skin patches or acne.

When a woman is suffering from PCOS, her body image takes a hit and her self-esteem goesdown. It is very common for women to experience anxiety and depression from the physicalchanges their body is going through. And now that you have to stay at home because ofthe lockdown, this feeling can get extreme. So, it is more important than ever to control thesesymptoms. A few tweaks in your lifestyle can help in improving the signs and symptoms.There are two major fields to work on exercise and nutrition. Here are some exercises you can try during quarantine:

Cardio:These are moderate exercises and can help women with PCOS. Doing cardio for about 30 minutes a day can help with symptoms of anxiety, depression, weight management, and improve the frequency of ovulation and menstrual cycles.

Strength training:Bodyweight exercises that you can do from the comfort of your home like push-ups andsquats can help in improving the function of insulin.

Interval training:This involves swapping between small durations of high-intensity workout and low-intensity recovery. Not only will you be able to get relief from the symptoms of PCOS, but you will also be boosting cardiovascular fitness. It improves insulin resistance and reduces excess testosterone.

Core strength:Core training is important when your weight is resulting in poor posture and lower back pain. Make sure that you switch the muscles supporting the spine so you dont hurt yourself while exercising.The most important thing is to choose something that you enjoy and consult a doctor tomake sure that it is the right one for you.

Diet

Some dietary restrictions can help in relieving symptoms of PCOS:

Do not eat red meat as it increases the risk of infertility. This means no steaks, hamburgers or pork, too.

Avoid eating hydrogenated and saturated fats like in dairy-based products. Also, baked goods contain a lot of these fats.

Eat a lot of green vegetables like broccoli and lettuce. You can also have red fruits that are rich in antioxidants and nutrients like berries. Make sure to include plant proteins like lentils, legumes, and dried beans in your daily diet.

You need to follow a diabetic diet as you are insulin resistant. This means that your diet should have foods that are low in carbs and rich in fibre. This includes wheat, whole grains, poha, wheat pasta, and brownrice.

Avoid any refined carbohydrate products like white bread, biscuits, and pastries. Also, stay away from sugary beverages like energy drinks and sodas.

Women with PCOS experience water retention. So, it is important that you eat frequent, small meals and have enough water.

Here is what you should eat

Cereals: Bran flakes, barley, brown bread, multi-grain bread, whole wheat porridge, muesli, oatmeal, oats, quinoa, whole wheat.

Dairy products: Skimmed milk, tofu, yogurt, paneer, and soy milk.

Fruits: Apples, berries, pears, peaches, plums, oranges, papaya, and watermelons.

Nuts: Almonds, flaxseeds, and walnuts.

Pulses: Beans, chana dal, green moong, whole pulses, and yellow moong.

Dealing with PCOS can be difficult. However, if you follow your doctors advice, eat healthy food and work out regularly, it becomes slightly manageable.

(The author is consultant OB-GYN,Apollo Cradle, Brookefield, Bengaluru)

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Do the balancing act - Deccan Herald

You close your bedroom door. Turning on your computer, you open the browser in incognito mode, as you always do. You type in the words and click on Search, hoping to get some relief. But today, even Google fails you.

You still dont know for sure if masturbation will limit your muscle gains!

This question becomes even more crucial in the present time because of the lockdown. Were all worried that without gym, well end up losing all this hard-earned muscle. But what if our favourite lockdown pastime also ends up harming your gains? The thought is simply unbearable. Do we need to adopt a strict Hands Off Our Junk policy if we dont want to lose our muscle?

via GIPHY

Well, look no further because your search ends here! By the end of this article, youll probably have a definitive answer to one of THE MOST important questions in a guys life.

Lets start at the beginning. The general belief (read: Bro Science) is that fapping causes a reduction in testosterone levels. But why should that be a problem?

Testosterone plays a massively important role in helping to build muscle mass after a stimulating workout. The higher the testosterone levels, the better your potential for gaining muscle. A man with testosterone levels of 1000ng/dl simply needs to look at a bunch of weights and hell put on tonnes of muscle mass in no time. On the other hand, take a man with T-levels around 200ng/dl and hell have to work harder and harder, day in and day out, before he gets to see even the slightest increase in muscle mass.

via GIPHY

Fun Fact: Men have naturally higher T-levels than women which is why they put on muscles more easily as compared to women. Also, women are more reactive to even small increases in testosterone as compared to men.

Coming back to your question:

Does masturbation actually affect muscle gains?

There have been numerous studies conducted in the hope of finding a conclusive answer to just this question.

In one study, the subjects had to abstain from doing the nasty for 7 days straight. Fortunately, this sacrifice was not for nothing as they did in fact see a slight rise in their testosterone levels.

Another study did the same thing but for 3 weeks! Thats right, the men were told not to touch themselves for 3 straight weeks. As hard as it might have been, they did manage to adhere to the instructions given to them. Even here, the subjects saw a slight increase in testosterone levels. At the end of the duration, in both the studies, the men let go and saw their testosterone levels drop to below normal for around 20 mins or so after which it came back to baseline.

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Heres what happened. When you finally do achieve release, your dopamine levels fall, the prolactin levels see a spike, your heart rate rises and the testosterone levels fall briefly.

If that sounded a little too sciencey, let me break it down in laymans terms:

Dopamine is a hormone that is responsible for emotions like pleasure and

pain. Dopamine restricts the production of prolactin. When dopamine levels fall, prolactin levels go up.

Prolactin interferes with the secretion of testosterone. So when prolactin levels rise, the testosterone levels fall.

Workout tip: If you work out immediately after youve been hands-on, your heart rate will rise higher as compared to working out before blowing your load.

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How relevant is this information from a bodybuilding perspective?

Masturbation in itself does not affect performance. The rise or fall of testosterone levels were only found immediately before and after the male subjects finished burping the worm. These changes are so negligible that they will have absolutely no direct impact on your exercise performance. Even these changes were temporary. The total testosterone levels remain the same.

Looking at masturbation as the sole contributor to low T-levels is like missing the wood for the trees. The majority of men who have lower testosterone levels dont need to stop spanking the monkey. They just need to alter other aspects of their lifestyles.

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Lifestyle factors that actually affect testosterone levels:

Activity levels : Any form of exercise (resistance training being the best, including bodyweight training) has shown to increase the testosterone levels compared to a sedentary lifestyle.

Deficiencies: Lack of Zinc, Magnesium, Vitamin-D, Cholesterol, Saturated fats causes a fall in testosterone production.

Excessive Eating: When you eat at a big deficit for an extended length of time, your body will shut down or at least slow down a majority of the non-essential mechanisms of the body, testosterone production being one of them.

Heavy drinking and smoking: As if you needed another reason to quit, alcohol and tobacco have been shown to adversely affect testosterone and your performance in the sack.

Obesity: The wider your waistline, the lower your T-levels are likely to be.

Poor Sleep: When you skip or deprive yourself of sleep, the insulin sensitivity goes down, cortisol levels rise and testosterone levels fall. Overall, the levels of catabolic hormones in the body rise while those of the anabolic hormones fall - not a good sign.

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So go ahead and enjoy your me-time as much as you want. It wont affect your progress in your bodybuilding endeavours. Just make sure that you dont indulge in self- love to such an extent that youre too tired to get out of bed and actually exercise or it leaves you too exhausted to work out to the best of your abilities.

AUTHOR BIO:

Nachiketh Shetty is a Coach with Fittr, India's Largest Online Fitness Platform. A lawyer by training, he hung up the black coat to pursue his passion for fitness. Till date, he has helped almost 800 people go from flab to fab.

Photo: iStock (Main Image)

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Here's The Answer To Whether Masturbation Is Affecting Your Muscle Gains & Testosterone Levels - MensXP.com

Acerus Pharmaceuticals

Global Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market Segmentation

This market was divided into types, applications and regions. The growth of each segment provides an accurate calculation and forecast of sales by type and application in terms of volume and value for the period between 2020 and 2026. This analysis can help you develop your business by targeting niche markets. Market share data are available at global and regional levels. The regions covered by the report are North America, Europe, the Asia-Pacific region, the Middle East, and Africa and Latin America. Research analysts understand the competitive forces and provide competitive analysis for each competitor separately.

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Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market Region Coverage (Regional Production, Demand & Forecast by Countries etc.):

North America (U.S., Canada, Mexico)

Europe (Germany, U.K., France, Italy, Russia, Spain etc.)

Asia-Pacific (China, India, Japan, Southeast Asia etc.)

South America (Brazil, Argentina etc.)

Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, South Africa etc.)

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-> We will also support to identify standard/customary terms and conditions such as discounts, warranties, inspection, buyer financing, and acceptance for the Testosterone Replacement Therapy industry.

-> We will further help you in finding any price ranges, pricing issues, and determination of price fluctuation of products in Testosterone Replacement Therapy industry.

-> Furthermore, we will help you to identify any crucial trends to predict Testosterone Replacement Therapy market growth rate up to 2026.

-> Lastly, the analyzed report will predict the general tendency for supply and demand in the Testosterone Replacement Therapy market.

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Study Coverage: It includes study objectives, years considered for the research study, growth rate and Testosterone Replacement Therapy market size of type and application segments, key manufacturers covered, product scope, and highlights of segmental analysis.

Executive Summary: In this section, the report focuses on analysis of macroscopic indicators, market issues, drivers, and trends, competitive landscape, CAGR of the global Testosterone Replacement Therapy market, and global production. Under the global production chapter, the authors of the report have included market pricing and trends, global capacity, global production, and global revenue forecasts.

Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market Size by Manufacturer: Here, the report concentrates on revenue and production shares of manufacturers for all the years of the forecast period. It also focuses on price by manufacturer and expansion plans and mergers and acquisitions of companies.

Production by Region: It shows how the revenue and production in the global market are distributed among different regions. Each regional market is extensively studied here on the basis of import and export, key players, revenue, and production.

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Period acne , or a flare-up of acne every month which coincides with the occurrence of your period, is not something so uncommon. Along with pollution, makeup, sun exposure and so many other external factors, it is important to understand what happens to your skin during periods. Just before your period date, the levels of female sex hormones fluctuate and these fluctuations may stimulate oil glands to increase oil production and results in acne breakouts. These hormonal fluctuations may also be responsible for other fun period things like, moodiness and sore breasts. Overall skin tends to be more sensitive during periods and its hard to prevent acne for good but can be minimised.

The hormones fluctuate continuously throughout the menstrual cycle, the duration of which on an average is 28 days in a woman. The levels of female sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone rise during the first and last half of the menstrual cycle, respectively. As you approach your periods the level of both these hormones fall but the level of testosterone, a male hormone which is produced in small amount in females remains constant. Thus the level of testosterone being relatively higher before and during your periods. Due to these hormonal shifts, a females skin undergoes all sorts of changes.

The secretion of sebum from sebaceous glands is stimulated by increased progesterone during the middle of menstrual cycle. Rise in the level of testosterone before and during periods also stimulates the sebaceous glands and thus more sebum is secreted. This increased sebum effects different women differently. For some, may produce a healthy glow on the skin, whereas in others, due to excess oil along with dirt, debris and dead skin cells the skin pores become clogged and cause premenstrual acne.

Sometimes, the immune system produces a reaction to Cutibacterium acne, an acne causing bacteria and this immune reaction to the bacteria and its metabolites results in inflammation accompanying pimples before periods.

Acne thats related to period is more likely to flare up during the week leading up to period or during period. It tends to clear up or improve when period is ending or over. And if you already have acne, then you might notice it getting worse during this time.

A pimple is not just a pimple, these are different types of blemishes. These are Blackheads, Whiteheads, Papules, Nodules, Cyst and knowing the difference between them , can narrow down the best acne treatment.

1. Birth Control Pills :-Increase a protein (Sex Hormone Binding Globulin , SHBG) in blood which soaks free testosterone. Thus less amount of available testosterone is there for causing acne. Also increases estrogen level. But be patient, as there is initial increase in acne on using these pills for three to four months but this subsides as the body adjusts to the pills. Before using, take advice from your doctor.

2. Spironolactone :-It is an anti-androgen drug. It reduces the level of testosterone which reduces oil production. It may not suit all women, hence, always consult your physician.

3. Weight loss :-Obesities reduces Sex Hormone Binding Globulin, SHBG and also increases testosterone. Anything, which reduces SHBG , may result in acne. Thus eat a well balanced and healthy diet and avoid junk food. Also follow a exercise routine and maintaining an optimum and healthy weight may help in controlling acne before period.

a. Wash your face two to three times a day with oil free cleanser

b. Use an Over the Counter anti-acne cream to remove excess oil

c. Avoid makeup, containing oil

d. Remove makeup and clean your skin before going to bed

e. Take a shower after exercising

5. Reduce your stress level.

6. Isotretinoin:-If other treatments havent worked for you or you suffer from severe cystic acne, then try this. It is a vitamin A derivative. The drug may cause various side effects and is not safe in pregnancy. Thus, before using , discuss all risks and side effects with your physician.

Your doctor may prescribe you low dose tetracycline for five days, which you may use few days before beginning of your period.

While breakouts may annoy you as an adult but acne typically lessen after a certain age, because with age the amount of hormones the body produces begin to decrease.

Period acne can be difficult to prevent completely. But some simple steps you can take to keep your skin relatively clear and healthy.

First of all, mix baking soda with water and make a paste.

Applying this paste on the face and let it dry.

When it dries well, wash the face with lukewarm water.

This vitamin capsules may prove to be a better option for curing acne scars.

Break the capsule of vitamin E and apply it on acne scars.

You can use this remedy once a day.

Citric acid is believed to be very beneficial in reducing irritation, removing scars and removing wrinkles in the skin.

Aloe vera gel works like magic to remove blemishes.

Sleep using this gel at night and wash face in the morning.

Results will start appearing soon.

Some other home remedies :-

a. Tea tree oil.

b. Turmeric.

c. Honey.

d. Warm compress.

e. Warm green tea bag.

f. Cold compress.

g. Neem facepack.

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Periods and Acne: Are They Related ? - Krishi Jagran

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