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When Idahos governor signed a lawlast month banning transgender women and girls from competing in school athletic programs for girls, civil rights groups readied themselves for yet another constitutional fight.

The Fairness in Womens Sports Act, or HB 500, requires a student whose eligibility is in dispute to provide a doctors note that verifies her biological sex, based on one of three things: the students reproductive anatomy, genetic makeup, or normal endogenously produced testosterone levels. The law, which applies to the states public school and higher education systems, is the first of its kind.

Its hard to imagine a more invasive thing, said Nora Huppert, a fellow at Lambda Legal, a national legal organization that fights for LGBTQ civil rights. Two student-athletes are already suing the state.

Idahos governor also signed a law prohibiting people from changing the gender markers on their birth certificates to align with their gender identity.

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The goal ofthe legislation targeting trans athletes, experts say, isto codify discriminatory and invasive practices founded on nonscientific reasoning and personal prejudice.

Sport developed as a masculine pastimeto demonstrate manliness, and anything that challenges conventional gender norms or behavior threatens societal arrangements and expectations, said Lindsay Pieper, an associate professor of sports management atVirginias University of Lynchburgand the author of Sex Testing: Gender Policing in Womens Sports.

The law goes further than the guidance of the Idaho High School Activities Association, which was already restrictive. Like rules from the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), it allowed trans girls and women to compete on womens teams if they had completed one year of hormonetherapy. The IOC policy goes further by requiring athletes to demonstrate specific testosterone levels for one year.

[Testosterone is] the only thing [the IOC is] regulating, said Kristine Newhall, assistant professor of kinesiology at SUNY Cortland. By zeroing in on testosterone levels, Newhall said, athletic governing bodies have created a measurement for sex only as it pertains to sports that has changed every so often when scientists believe they have a better way to measure sexdifference.

Weve gone through all these [measures] of sex: genitalia, secondary sex characteristics, chromosomes, and then its hormones, Newhall said, alluding to the relatively recent fixation on testosterone. What this demonstrates is that science tells us that theres no one way to measure sex.

One of the first public debates about the use of science and gender verification to dictate athletic participation was in 1976, when Rene Richards, a trans woman, applied to compete in the U.S. Open andrefused to subject herself to the chromosomal testrequired by the U.S. Tennis Association. Richards won a lawsuit the following year to compete without undergoing the test.

Though we still dont know what it means to embody a gender, sociocultural forces and athletic governing bodies are attempting to codify what it means to be a woman, Pieper said.

Hard science that measures chromosomes, genetics, or genitalia is an imperfect measurement of what it means to embody a gender, because scientific discoveries are often influenced by human prejudice, said JayCee Cooper, a 32-year-old amateur powerlifter and trans woman from Minneapolis, Minnesota. Science exists with a social underpinning. Theres no way to separate that, because we as humans naturally have biases.

Cooper knows this through her own experience. In late 2018, Cooper was prevented by USA Powerlifting from competing in the womens category, even though she adhered to the IOC standards of lowered testosterone levels. USA Powerlifting states on its website that trans women have advantages over cisgender women competitors, citing the scientific opinion of a doctorfrom the organizations own medical committee. In June 2019, Gender Justice, a nonprofit legal and policy advocacy organization, filed acomplaint against USA Powerlifting on behalf of Cooper.

Advantage isnt one thing, Newhall said, and theres no one bodily reason that an athletefares better than their competitors. Newhall noted that swimmers with bigger feet might best their fellow athletes on a given day, or that ice skaters with larger lungs might be better equipped for the sport. Congrats if you have greater lung capacity, then you have greater advantage.

Even then, many other determinantsincluding wealth and resourcesalso dictate ability to compete. The real disadvantage girls and women face in sports have to do with institutions that regulate them, said Sarah Axelson, senior director of advocacy at the Womens Sports Foundation, an organization dedicated to gender equality in sports.

Axelson called Idahos HB 500 a distraction from the real needs of girls athletics. According to the Womens Sports Foundation,87percent of NCAA-regulation schools were not in compliance with Title IX standards, which prohibit sex-based discrimination inschools that receive public funding. Girls, both trans and cis, need more opportunities for athletics, not fewer, Axelson said. Sports have tremendous power for the development of our youth.

Transgender students are disproportionately more likely than their cisgender peers to feel unsafe at school and be denied basic resources, like use of bathrooms or locker rooms that align with their gender.The new Idaho legislation will make the lives of trans students and anyone who doesnt conform with conventional gender norms more difficult, Huppert said. Theres clearly a moral panic around trans people, in particular in the states around trans kids.

Trans students also experience higher rates of stress and are at higher risk of suicide than their cis peers. HB 500 will exacerbate these issues. What [Idaho legislators] are saying is, Youre not normal, Newhall said.

Anti-trans legislation burdens trans student-athletes with having to assert the legitimacy of their embodied experiences. While Idaho lawmakers argue they are evening out the playing field, they are actually further disempowering trans youth and actively perpetuating anti-trans discrimination.

When trans athletes are able to compete, sports can be empowering and healing. Cooper said when shes competing, This is me to a 100 percent degree, and I get to define that for myself. Its something that nobody can take away. I get out on the platform and I do this thing, pushing myself completely to the limit [and] also pushing other peoples perspectives.

Link:
Idaho's New Anti-Trans Athlete Law: 'It's Hard to Imagine a More Invasive Thing' - Rewire.News

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Chapter 2 Global Economic Impact on Industry

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Future Prospects of Testosterone Therapy Market 2020 | Trends, Growth Demand, Opportunities & Forecast To 2026 | AbbVie Inc, Actavis Inc, Eli...

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CP Photo: Jared Wickerham

SisTers founder and president Ciora Thomas wand vice president Aiden James Nevils

The program, led by SisTers PGH vice president (and Thomas fiance) Aiden James Nevils, has been in the works for months. The original plan was to launch on International Transgender Day of Visibility (March 31), but when that event couldn't happen in person, Nevils still wanted to launch it virtually.

"I was like, 'Hey, if we can't announce this at our Transgender Day of Visibility, we have to let people know this is a resource for them as well because people are looking to talk,'" says Nevils. "People are looking to have some type of connection in a time when we aren't really able to connect physically."

Nevils says he was inspired by seeing Thomas' leadership in the city as a trans woman and wanted to create a space for trans men in leadership positions, too.

BroThers operates under the wider umbrella of SisTers, and Nevils describes it as a branch off of the tree in the organization's logo, adding that SisTers will always be "the roots."

"SisTers PGH has laid the groundwork for what it looks like to have trans leadership in the city," says Nevils. "The thought process behind this is we also need to have trans masculine and trans men leadership in the city as well. And also have a group where all people can come together and talk."

A primary focus of the programming, especially while everything is virtual, is a support group for trans men and trans masculine people, where they can be open and honest about their experiences. Nevils says there aren't many resources or support groups specifically for trans men and trans masculine people in Pittsburgh or anywhere else across the country. Even when there are, he says they often focus on the physical aspects of transitioning, like hormones and surgery, but not as much on the mental and emotional changes.

"When you start testosterone, there's a lot of different things that happen to your body, but no one talks about the things that happen mentally and how it works with your emotions and how you start to feel things differently," says Nevils, citing the importance of teaching people that taking testosterone is "not the end-all, be-all. It's not a cure."

Jared Wickerham

Aiden James Nevils of BroThers

The resources from SisTers and BroThers are especially important during the current pandemic, as they provide resources for a community that might not otherwise get help. For every marginalized group of people, the pandemic has further highlighted ways that governments and institutions fail to work for all people, including the trans community. Nevils points to the example of SisTers PGH's LGBTQIA Emergency Relief Fund (which has currently raised over $26,000) without which there might not be any relief fund geared at helping trans people in the city.

"When you think about the transgender community in its entirety, we're already marginalized and pushed outside the bounds of what is considered to be human," says Nevils. "This pandemic has shined a major light on how often trans people are forgotten about."

BroThers PGH is currently taking donations of physical supplies like masks and toiletries, as well as financial donations, which can be made through SisTers PGH.

Originally posted here:
Trans advocacy organization SisTers PGH branches out with BroThers PGH, a program geared at trans men - PGH City Paper

The risk of some men sexually abusing children could be quickly reduced by a drug that lowers testosterone levels, researchers have found.

The team behind the project, which was put up for crowdfunding four years ago, said the drug degarelix acetate produced the results in men with paedophilic disorder in just two weeks. The drug was developed as a treatment for prostate cancer treatment and blocks the production of testosterone.

We finally have something to offer that has a quick-acting effect, said Dr Christoffer Rahm, a psychiatrist and researcher at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden, who led the study.

Rahm said the project is aimed at preventing risk to children, as well as improving the lives of men experiencing attraction to minors an approach he says complements the work of police and others.

While such interventions, sometimes known as chemical castration, can be controversial, Rahm said the most controversial thing was not to do research in the field. I think we should put more energy into investigating this field from a scientific perspective and from a medical, psychiatric perspective, he said.

The new study, published in the journal Jama Psychiatry, reports how the team recruited 52 men from callers to a national telephone helpline called PrevenTell, which helps people who self-identify as having unwanted sexuality, who were subsequently diagnosed with paedophilic disorder.

The team assessed the mens risk of committing child abuse, using a mix of self-reporting and psychological testing, taking into account a range of issues from sexual preoccupation to impaired self-regulation.

The researchers then put the men into two groups, one of which received two injections of a placebo while the other group received two injections of degarelix acetate, with the men unaware of which they received. Two weeks later, the mens risk of committing child abuse was re-assessed.

The team found that, relative to the placebo group, the men treated with degarelix acetate showed a fall in risk level, in particular showing a reduction in high sexual desire and attraction to children, although not impaired self-regulation. The effects were still present, if not stronger, at 10 weeks, with many men saying they wanted to continue with the medication.

The drop was only deemed clinically significant in the small number of participants who were originally classified as at high risk of child sex abuse.

Dr Michelle Degli Esposti of the University of Oxford, who was not involved in the work, said developing effective treatments for individuals with paedophilic disorder was important. But she cautioned that the study involved only a small, self-selected group of men.

Also the study did not look directly at whether the drug reduces the occurrence of child sexual abuse itself, said Degli Esposti, adding: This limits the generalisability of the findings and its potential wider benefits in tackling child sexual abuse.

She said the study also raised ethical questions, asking: Should we be focusing on medicating individuals who have sexual desire for children and, if so, do we expect these individuals to take drugs that have known side-effects? Or should we instead be focusing on tackling the upstream societal and structural factors that place children at risk of being sexually abused?

It may not be a question of either/or, and such questions go beyond the findings of this specific study, but it is important to consider the implications of medicalising profound societal problems such as child sexual abuse.

Donald Grubin, emeritus professor of forensic psychiatry at Newcastle University, said other drugs are already used to reduce testosterone levels, while the findings of the new study need to be replicated.

But, he said, the trial is well designed and degarelix acetate appears to act faster than current drugs although safety and efficacy must be explored further. Like Degli Esposti, he noted that the study looked at changes in sexual thinking, not sexual offending, saying: While it is reasonable to expect the former to impact the latter, this is very difficult to demonstrate given the long follow-up time required to do so and a reluctance to prescribe high risk sex offenders with a placebo in a community setting.

Read the original here:
New drug 'cuts risk of men abusing children within weeks' - The Guardian

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By Amanda HeidtMay. 1, 2020 , 1:05 PM

A prostate cancer drug has been successfully repurposed to help men in treatment for pedophilic disorder. By blocking testosterone, the drug degarelix minimized intrusive thoughts and helped participants feel more calm and controlled in as little as 2 weeks, according to a study published this week in JAMA Psychiatry. Researchers recruited 52 volunteers from a hotline for men with self-described unwanted sexuality, and who were subsequently diagnosed with pedophilic disorder. Participants received injections of the drug and underwent risk assessment via self-reporting and psychological evaluation over the next 10 weeks. Despite some side effectsincluding hot flashes and inflammation at the site of the injectionthe majority of participants wanted to stay on the medication once the trial ended, The Guardian reports. Researchers say they hope their drug can provide fast-acting and long-lasting treatment to minimize the risk of sexual violence toward children, which is estimated to affect one in five girls and one in 10 boys worldwide.

See more here:
Cancer drug dampens intrusive thoughts in men with pedophilic disorder - Science Magazine

The report on the Testosterone Cypionate market provides a birds eye view of the current proceeding within the Testosterone Cypionate market. Further, the report also takes into account the impact of the novel COVID-19 pandemic on the Testosterone Cypionate market and offers a clear assessment of the projected market fluctuations during the forecast period. The different factors that are likely to impact the overall dynamics of the Testosterone Cypionate market over the forecast period (2019-2029) including the current trends, growth opportunities, restraining factors, and more are discussed in detail in the market study.

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Erectile dysfunction may be more than a sexual problem, it could also be an early sign of cardiovascular disease resulting from clogged arteries or CVD which can impede the blood flow necessary to create an erection, according to research.

Men having an issue with sexual performance or those suffering with erectile dysfunction may be wise to consider getting their heart health checked out, as a recent study published in the Journal of the Endocrine Society suggests that ED could also be a sign of a mans risk for cardiovascular disease and an even an early death; this risk exists regardless of testosterone levels.

ED also known as impotence is typically characterized by the inability to develop or maintain an erection of the penis during sexual arousal and/or activity; it occurs more often in older men and it is more often linked to low levels of testosterone. Low levels of testosterone have been linked to a higher risk of death in middle aged-older men in previous studies, but the results have been inconsistent.

Dr. Leen Antonio of KU Leuven-University Hospitals in Belgium, the lead researcher on the new study, examined the relationship between hormone levels and male sexual function, to find that having erectile dysfunction is a bigger issue than having low testosterone levels.

As both vascular disease and low testosterone levels can influence erectile function, sexual symptoms can be an early sign for increased cardiovascular risk and mortality, said Antonio.

Data was analyzed from close to 2,000 men between the ages of 40-79 in five medical centers to examine the relationship between their hormone measurements and sexual function. 25% of the study participants died during the average follow up period of 12.4 years; of which those with normal testosterone levels and erectile dysfunction had a 51% increased risk of death than those without. Men with low testosterone levels and sexual symptoms were also found to have an increased risk of death compared to those with normal levels and no sexual symptoms.

The increased risk of early death was found in men with sexual symptoms including erectile dysfunction and poor morning erections, but this association was not found with having a low libido and a higher risk of early death.

Erectile dysfunction may result from clogged arteries or cardiovascular disease which can impede the blood flow required to create an erection, and this is why ED regardless of testosterone levels can indicate a risk for heart disease and early death.

Blood vessels that provide blood for an erection are smaller than the coronary arteries, which means that if there is a buildup of plaque in the arteries, blood flow in the penile vessels may be affected earlier than in the coronary arteries, according to Dr. Antonio.

There are also other possible causes of erectile dysfunction which includes but is not limited to certain medications, smoking, alcohol consumption, temperatures, certain conditions, sleeping disorders, stress, anxiety, depression, illicit drugs, illnesses, accidents, nerve damage, and nerve problems from prostate surgery.

Erectile dysfunction can be treated and prevented for some by practicing a healthy lifestyle which includes exercise, managing stress, getting enough sleep, and following a healthy balanced diet. Treating risk factors for heart disease such as smoking, obesity, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol may help to prevent sexual dysfunction, according to research.

Dr. Antonio suggests that sexual symptoms could be an early warning sign of a poor or worsening health status, as well as an increased risk for cardiovascular disease and mortality; this means that it is important to discuss sexual symptoms with your physician to identify and treat other cardiovascular risk factors or apparent cardiovascular disease.

Excerpt from:
Erectile Dysfunction May Be An Early Sign Of CVD - Anti Aging News

Sex has a slew of health benefits, like keeping your immune system in check, lowering your blood pressure, and it totally counts as exercise. But sometimes we're just too tired to make the effort. Enter aphrodisiacs. The science is mixed on whether they alone can get you in the mood but some foods have long been considered the antidote to a lost libido. (Herbs like basil, mint, and saffron were banned in medieval Spain because they were used in "love potions," for real!) We say it couldn't hurt. Here are 13 foods to make your next meal a frisky one.

Asparagus is high in vitamin E, which can increase blood and oxygen flow to your privates (ahem), and also high in potassium, which can increase your body's production of sex hormones. Make it with garlic (another rumored aphrodisiac) in this Keto Cheesy Garlic Roasted Asparagus Recipe or any one of these asparagus recipes.

Salmon is high in omega-3 fatty acids, which is great for your heart and your libido (it creates the building blocks for estrogen, testosterone, and progesterone production). Walnuts are also an excellent source of omega-3s, which make this Walnut-Crusted Salmon recipe a win-win.

Give this mild-tasting summertime veggie a try with blackeyed peas or on pizza in our roundup of Okra recipes. Okra, AKA gumbo or ladies' fingers, is rich in antioxidants and magnesium, which can help you naturally relax (and perhaps get in the mood), while nutrients like iron, folate, zinc, and vitamin B are also beneficial to the health of male and female sex organs.

Cherries contain anthocyanins, which are antioxidants that reduce inflammation and help keep your sex drive healthy in which case, we'll have two of these Mini Heart Cherry Pies!

One study found that pistachios could help the male sex drive. Serve up some sweet and savory recipes from our pistachio recipe roundup or your next celebratory or romantic night (or if you're just in the mood for pistachios!).

Oysters are high in zinc, which can improve the overall health and sex drive of someone deficient in it. They also contain dopamine, the brain chemical that boosts desire. These Deep Fried Oysters are perfect as an appetizer or dessert to (ahem) the main course.

Celery has a way with women; that is, it contains a small amount of androstenone, a male pheromone. Eat it from the stalk, in a juice or try it in this hearty Weeknight Beef Stew!

Saffron has been used to reduce stress, enhance mood and has been shown to act as an aphrodisiac in men and women who take antidepressants. Learn how to use saffron in the kitchen and try out recipes like paella (mmm) in our saffron recipe roundup.

Figs are high in amino acids, which can boost sexual stamina and libido. Drop them in your next cocktail with these fancy fig cocktail recipes..

There are many more foods that could get you in the amorous mood (ginseng, apples, honey and more), but in general if you're happy and healthy (and well-rested!) your chances of getting it on are quite good. Still, tasty foods and drinks never hurt for a fun night in!

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Aphrodisiacs and (Hot) Recipes to Get You in the Mood - Brit + Co

Gender differences exist in many health conditions, and COVID-19 is no different. It appears that with regards to the novel coronavirus, mens health is less robust.

This global phenomenon is particularly visible in some countries. In Thailand, males account for a massive 81% of COVID-19 related deaths, in England and Wales, its 61%.

What are the reasons for the considerable difference between the sexes? We spoke to Dr Anthony Kaveh, MD, physician anesthesiologist, and integrative medicine specialist.

Men are disproportionately affected by COVID-19 than women. From preliminary data, possible reasons include behavioural, baseline health, and genetic differences between men and women, says Dr Kaveh.

Lets look at what we know about COVID-19 infections among men and women. But first, a little about how and why the sexes are different.

Men and women have vastly different biological characteristics, that develop thanks to our chromosomes. A chromosome is a bundle of coiled DNA, found in the nucleus of almost every cell in the body. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes.

The sex chromosomes determine whether you develop as a male or female.

In humans, women have two larger X chromosomes (XX), whereas men have a single X chromosome and a much smaller Y chromosome (XY) that has relatively fewer gene copies.

When an embryo is developing in the womb, these chromosomes dictate the future sex of the baby.

One of the genes found on the Y chromosomes, the SRY gene, starts testicular development in an XY embryo. The testicles begin to make testosterone which directs the embryo to develop as a male.

In an XX embryo, there is no SRY gene, so instead, an ovary develops which makes female hormones.

This basic, biological variation between the sexes can affect COVID-19 infection rates.

Although essential for male health, testosterone levels are also linked to a range of medical conditions.

Men are five times more likely to suffer an aortic aneurysm and three times more likely to develop kidney stones. Men also tend to die at a younger age than women.

Oestrogen is a predominantly female hormone that provides protective effects from conditions, including heart disease. Men cannot benefit from its positive health effects, as they only produce low levels.

However, Dr Kaveh says that The immunologic effects of oestrogen in protecting against COVID-19 are theoretical and dont yet provide a mechanism to explain our observations.

Oestrogen is a predominantly female hormone that provides protective effects from conditions.

Testosterone could have a role to play in COVID-19 infection rates. High levels of testosterone can suppress an immune response. Researchers found that women and men with lower levels of testosterone had higher antibody responses to an influenza vaccine.

The X chromosome has about 900 genes, the Y chromosome, just 55. Women have a genetic advantage with two X chromosomes because if there is a mutation in one, the other gene provides a buffer.

Men have more sex-linked diseases such as the blood clotting disorder, haemophilia, and suffer from an increased rate of metabolic disorders. The protective XX effect explains why male death rates are frequently higher.

The female immune system is stronger.

The female immune system is stronger. Concerning COVID-19 infections, Dr Kaveh says Genetic factors are often considered, including the more active female immune system. While a more active immune system would make sense to protect against COVID-19, it would be expected to worsen the cytokine storm we observe in severe COVID-19 infection.

However, there is no evidence to support that cytokine storms, which are potentially lethal, excessive immune responses, are more common in women.

If more men are testing positive for COVD-19, could the simple reason be that more men are tested than women? In fact, it seems the opposite is true.

Within the context of our early statistics, women are tested more frequently than men, but men have more positive tests. This may reflect a male stoicism that leads to delayed care, says Dr Kaveh.

Men are not as likely as women to seek medical attention. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported that women were 33% more likely than men to visit a doctor, even excluding pregnancy-related visits.

Women are tested more frequently than men, but men have more positive tests.

It seems like the reason for higher infection and death statistics in men is not due to a bias in testing.

Obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and smoking are also predictors of COVID-19 hospitalisation, but the breakdown is difficult to correlate, said Dr Kaveh.

People of either sex are more likely to suffer from complications from coronavirus if they have certain pre-existing health conditions, or engage in behaviours such as smoking and excessive alcohol consumption.

These health conditions and behaviours tend to be more common in men, which could affect the imbalance that we see in COVID-19 infections.

The association between risk factors and infection rate are not yet fully understood. For example, hypertension is more common in men until menopause, at which point female rates quickly rise, explains Dr Kaveh. In this case, we should be seeing an increase in the COVID-19 infection rate for women who have reached menopausal age, yet this is not the case.

The association between risk factors and infection rate are not yet fully understood.

Obesity, a risk factor for diabetes, affects women more than men globally. However, diabetes is slightly more prevalent in men. These comorbid conditions dont fully explain the COVID-19 observations, and neither does smoking, says Dr Kaveh.

Smoking is a risk factor for all respiratory diseases and also of lung cancer which is another COVID-19 risk factor.

In China, about 50% of men smoke and only 2% of women. These figures could contribute to the high ratio of male deaths which are more than double the rate of female deaths.

These differences in smoking and death rates are not as extreme in other countries. Risky behaviour cannot fully explain sex bias in COVID-19 infections.

As yet, it seems like there is no definitive answer as to why more men are suffering severe COVID-19 infections. More research is needed.

We are still very early in our global epidemiological observations of COVID-19. More complete data in the coming months will hopefully provide more clues to explain our observations, concluded Dr Kaveh.

Last updated: 30-04-2020

Link:
Coronavirus deaths: why are more men dying from COVID-19 than women? - Netdoctor

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