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Testosterone is the main male sex hormone, but females also have small amounts of it.

It is a steroid hormone, produced in mens testicles and womens ovaries (1).

The adrenal glands also produce small amounts.

During puberty in boys, testosterone is one of the main drivers of physical changes like increased muscle, deeper voice and hair growth.

However, having optimal levels is also important throughout adulthood and even during old age.

In adults, healthy levels are important for general health, disease risk, body composition, sexual function and just about everything else (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7).

Additionally, increasing your testosterone levels can cause rapid gains in muscle mass and vitality in only a matter of weeks (8, 9, 10).

Interestingly, it also plays an important role in female health and sexual well-being (11, 12, 13).

The research is pretty conclusive: both genders should ensure they have healthy levels of testosterone, especially as they age (13, 14).

Here are 8 evidence-based ways to increase testosterone levels naturally.

Exercise is one of the most effective ways to prevent many lifestyle-related diseases. Interestingly, it can also boost your testosterone.

A large review study found that people who exercised regularly had higher testosterone levels. In the elderly, exercise increases testosterone levels, fitness and reaction time (15, 16).

New research in obese men suggests that increased physical activity was even more beneficial than a weight loss diet for increasing testosterone levels (17).

Resistance training, such as weight lifting, is the best type of exercise to boost testosterone in both the short- and long-term (18, 19).

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) can also be very effective, although all types of exercise should work to some extent (18, 19, 20, 21, 22).

Taking caffeine and creatine monohydrate as supplements may further boost your levels when combined with a training program (23, 24).

What you eat has a major impact on testosterone as well as other hormone levels (25).

Therefore, you must pay attention to your long-term calorie intake and diet strategy.

Constant dieting or overeating may disrupt your testosterone levels (26, 27, 28, 29, 30).

Eating enough protein can help maintain healthy levels and aid in fat loss, which is also associated with your testosterone (28, 31, 32).

Carb intake also plays a role, with research showing carbs can help optimize testosterone levels during resistance training (22, 33).

However, research demonstrates that sufficient healthy fats are also beneficial for testosterone and health (25, 34, 35, 36, 37).

A diet based mainly on whole foods is best, with a healthy balance of fat, protein and carbs. This can optimize both hormone levels and long-term health.

Research is always highlighting the dangers of long-term stress, which can elevate levels of the hormone cortisol (38, 39, 40).

Unnatural elevations in cortisol can quickly reduce testosterone. These hormones work in a seesaw-like manner: as one goes up, the other comes down (40, 41, 42).

Stress and high cortisol can also increase food intake, weight gain and the storage of harmful body fat around your organs. In turn, these changes may negatively impact your testosterone levels (43, 44, 45).

For both optimal health and hormone levels, you should try to reduce repetitive stressful situations in your life.

Focus on a diet based on whole foods, regular exercise, good sleep, laughter and a balanced lifestyle, all of which can reduce stress and improve your health and testosterone levels (46, 47, 48, 49, 50).

Vitamin D is quickly becoming one of the worlds most popular vitamins.

Research has shown that it has various health benefits, and may also work as a natural testosterone booster (51, 52, 53, 54, 55).

Despite its importance, nearly half of the US population is deficient in vitamin D, and an even higher percentage has sub-optimal levels (56, 57).

A 12-month study found that supplementing with around 3,000 IU of vitamin D3 per day increased testosterone levels by around 25% (54).

In the elderly, vitamin D and calcium also optimized testosterone levels, which led to a reduced risk of falling (58).

To boost testosterone and reap the other benefits of vitamin D, try to get regular exposure to sunlight or take around 3,000 IU of a vitamin D3 supplement daily.

If you'd like to try supplements, Amazon has a good selection available.

More information on vitamin D here: Vitamin D 101 A Detailed Beginners Guide.

Although the benefits of multivitamins are hotly debated, specific vitamins and minerals may be beneficial (59).

In one study, zinc and vitamin B supplements increased sperm quality by 74%. Zinc also boosts testosterone in athletes and those who are deficient in zinc (60, 61, 62).

Other studies also suggest vitamins A, C and E can play a role in your sex hormone and testosterone levels, although more research is needed (25, 63, 64, 65).

Out of all the vitamins and minerals available, the research on testosterone shows vitamin D and zinc supplements may be best (54, 66, 67).

Getting good sleep is just as important for your health as diet and exercise (68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73).

It may also have major effects on your testosterone levels.

The ideal amount of sleep varies from person to person, but one study found that sleeping only 5 hours per night was linked to a 15% reduction in testosterone levels (73).

One long-term study observed that those who slept only four hours per night had borderline deficient levels (46).

Other long-term studies support this. One study calculated that for every additional hour of sleep you get, testosterone levels rise 15% higher, on average (74, 75).

Although some people seem to do fine with less sleep, research suggests around 710 hours of sleep per night is best for long-term health and your testosterone.

Only a few natural testosterone boosters are supported by scientific studies.

The herb with the most research behind it is called ashwagandha.

One study tested the effects of this herb on infertile men and found a 17% increase in testosterone levels and a 167% increase in sperm count (76).

In healthy men, ashwagandha increased levels by 15%. Another study found it lowered cortisol by around 25%, which may also aid testosterone (77, 78).

Ginger extract may also boost your levels. It is a delicious herb that also provides various other health benefits (79, 80, 81, 82, 83).

Most of the research on ginger has been done in animals. However, one study in infertile humans found that ginger can boost testosterone levels by 17% and increase levels of other key sex hormones (80, 84).

Other popular herbs that are supported by some studies in both animals and humans include horny goat weed, Mucuna pruriens, shilajit and tongkat ali.

Yet its important to note that most of the positive research has been conducted in mice or infertile humans with low testosterone levels.

If you have healthy testosterone function and normal levels, it is unclear whether you will benefit much from these supplements.

There are several other factors that may affect your hormone levels.

A healthy sex life plays an important role in regulating your sex hormone and testosterone levels (85, 86).

High exposure to estrogen-like chemicals may also affect your levels, so try to minimize daily exposure to BPA, parabens and other chemicals found in some types of plastic (86, 87, 88, 89).

Its probably no surprise that excess alcohol or drug use, whether its medical or recreational, can also decrease testosterone levels (90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95).

In contrast, laughter, happiness and success may help boost your health and testosterone levels so make sure theyre a part of your daily life (96, 97, 98, 99).

From the age of 2530, a mans testosterone levels naturally start to decline.

This is a problem because strong research shows a link between low testosterone and obesity, increased disease risk and premature death.

Healthy testosterone levels are also important for women, along with other key hormones such as estrogen and progesterone.

Therefore, everyone should take the necessary lifestyle steps to optimize testosterone levels. You will improve your health and body at the same time.

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8 Proven Ways to Increase Testosterone Levels Naturally

Keira Bell of the United Kingdom told BBC News she was a tomboy as a child and the sense she needed to transition to a male occurred gradually as she read about it online.

Bell soon sought the assistance of medicine at age 16, went to a clinic, and after three appointments lasting an hour each she was prescribed puberty blockers, the outlet said.

A year later Bell told the BBC she was prescribed the male hormone testosterone, which developed male characteristics like facial hair and a deep voice and three years ago, she got her breasts removed.

"Initially I felt very relieved and happy about things," Bell told the outlet. "But I think as the years go on you start to feel less and less enthusiastic or even happy about things."

In the end, she decided to stop taking cross-sex hormones last year. Now at 23, Bell noted to the BBC that she accepts her sex as a female but she's also angry about what happened to her.

"I was allowed to run with this idea that I had, almost like a fantasy, as a teenager," Bell told the outlet, adding that "it has affected me in the long run as an adult. I'm very young. I've only just stepped into adulthood, and I have to deal with this kind of burden or radical difference in comparison to others at least."

More than that, she told the BBC that others should have pushed back against her decision.

"I should have been challenged on the proposals or the claims that I was making for myself," Bell told the outlet. "And I think that would have made a big difference as well. If I was just challenged on the things I was saying."

Now Bell is taking legal action against the National Health Service gender clinic, and a judge cleared the way for a full hearing of the case against the Tavistock and Portman NHS Trust, the BBC said.

Lawyers will argue that children cannot give informed consent to treatment delaying puberty or helping them to transition, the outlet added.

The clinic based in Hampstead, northwest London which runs the UK's only gender-identity development service told the BBC it welcomed an examination of the evidence. But former clinic staff at the clinic have said teens who want to change their genders are given puberty blockers without adequate assessment or psychological work, the outlet added.

Bell herself admitted to the BBC that when she went to clinic years ago, she would say "it was saving me from suicidal ideation and depression in general and at the time I felt it relieved all those mental health issues I was feeling, alongside gender dysphoria."

In addition, Bell told the outlet that if she had felt more accepted by society as a teen, she might not have wanted to change her gender though she added she wouldn't have wanted to listen to challengers of her transgender desires.

"I feel I could say anything to my 16-year-old self, and I might not necessarily listen at that time," Bell added to the BBC. "And that's the point of this case, when you are that young you don't really want to listen. So I think it's up to these institutions, like the Tavistock, to step in and make children reconsider what they are saying, because it is a life-altering path."

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UK teen girl wanted to be male; got breasts removed, took testosterone. Now 23, she says doctors should have 'challenged' her decision and is suing....

So youve just beaten the other team or won against someone in a 1v1 on your favourite game and you feel great. Winning is actually one of the best feelings that we know. This is because when we win, our brains receive a boost of testosterone, dopamine and endorphins. Whats more is that dopamine and endorphins often trigger the release of adrenaline, leading to our winning feeling a pretty dizzying mixture of excitement, euphoria and pride that can be addictive. You can also get this rush from a range of other successes, making you want to repeat your victory repeatedly.

The Winner Effect

In biology, the winner effect is used to describe how an animal, whether it be a mouse or a lion, is far more likely to win against stronger opponents after having won against weaker opponents. This is in part due to the boost of testosterone and dopamine that comes with each win, which researchers have discovered to have not only short-term effects but also long-term effects on the animal. In the long run, these testosterone and dopamine hits make the animal more confident, motivated and even smarter as they learn from their victories. Researchers have also uncovered that the winner effect not only applies to animals, but also to humans. The winner effect can exacerbate our addiction to winning because it makes it a more realistic prospect.

This infographic courtesy of bestnewbingosites.co.uk illustrates the varying effects that winning can have both on our brains and our bodies.

Dopamine and Motivation

The dopamine hit that come with a win can be difficult to ignore. Your body treats dopamine as a reward and remembers the feelings of victory. It then will motivate you to try win again, which is possibly why it is hard to stop playing games sometimes. Whether that means completing a more challenging round of a video game or to spend more time in training. This heightened level of motivation means makes you a lot more likely to win, however, you shouldnt obsess if things dont work out for you the very first time around.

Testosterone and Competitiveness

Testosterone is heightened after a win, and thus some effects are a boost in sense of power, dominance and competitiveness. This feeling will drive you to compete again and again to chase that feeling when you defeated a mega boss or your opponent in a 1v1. If you lose the feeling is awful as your body releases chemicals as highlighted in the infographic that punishes you. Testosterone levels actually have been found to drop after a loss.

Overall, the effects of winning in video games create long term effects on your body and brain. Winning in anything not only games will change your brain chemistry to try to win again and thus this is where gaming can get addictive.

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The Science Behind Why Winning Makes You Want To Keep Playing Games | Invision Game Community - Invision Game Community

Idahos House of Representatives passed the Fairness in Womens Sports Act, HB 500, a bill which would ban transgender women from participating in womens high school and college sports in the state. The bills text conflicts with preexisting NCAA and Idaho High School Activities Association womens athletics policies and if passed will overrule those regulations.

According to the bills statement of purpose, (transgender women) will not be allowed to participate on girls or womens teams, as defined by their inherent differences that are physiological, chromosomal, and hormonal.

The bill conflicts with the existing bylaws related to hormonal treatment and screening of transgender student-athletes in the NCAA Handbook on Transgender Student-Athlete Participation.

Carson Poertner, a former NCAA athlete, UI student, and transgender man, said HB 500 disregards NCAA policy.

Next month, the NCAA will have had an inclusion policy specifically for transgender student-athletes in place for a decade. Its very frustrating, because there are already good, inclusive policies to have an even and fair playing field in place nationally, Poertner said. All of that information, research and evidence is being thrown away for somebodys personal feelings, essentially.

According to the NCAA, a transgender woman student-athlete being treated with testosterone suppression medication must complete one calendar year of that treatment before competing on a womens team. HB 500 disputes this calendar year minimum policy, stating, The benefits that natural testosterone provides to (transgender women) athletes is not diminished through the use of puberty blockers and cross-sex hormones.

ICYM: The state doesnt care about us: transgender students and community members speak up about recent house bills

On Tuesday HB 500 was amended to say if a school wanted to check a players eligibility, they would not have to go through all three steps of the screening but instead just one.

The three ways are as follows:The health care provider may verifythe students biological sex as part ofa routine sports physical examinationrelying only on one (1) or more of thefollowing: the students reproductiveanatomy, genetic makeup or normalendogenously produced testosteronelevels.

The bills amendment also removesall references to the NCAA.

One of the three steps of player eligibility screening outlined in the bill calls for a physicians statement regarding physical examinations of internal and external physical anatomy of athletes in question. Poertner said this step of the screening method is unfair and has the potential to traumatize student-athletes, especially those who do not feel comfortable with the bills proposed genital identification binaries.

Biological sex can be determined by chromosome makeup, hormones or genitalia. It could be a mix of all those three its not black and white. For example, we have a population who are intersex and dont fit into this binary, Poertner said. So, now youre going to other them, push them aside and traumatize them by making them get undressed in front of a physician, and tell them their body is not normal. That they are not allowed to be a kid, to play sports.

The Idaho High School Activities Associations (IHSAA) Transgender Student Participation guidelines mimic that of the NCAA in employing the same calendar year-minimum policy for hormone suppression treatment by transgender women prior to being eligible to participate in womens sports.

Greg Bailey, Moscow School District Superintendent, said he was on the IHSAA Board from 2009 to 2015. During that time the states current policy for transgender high school athletes was drafted. Bailey said the issues of participation in sports by transgender athletes have already been addressed by the IHSAA, and that he is confused as to why one legislator is trying to make an issue out of something that has never caused a problem in the state.

One of the things we are concernedabout is how this will impact not onlyhigh schools, but colleges that are inthe state of Idaho if we have a rulingthat is opposite of NCAA, Bailey said.Legislators should consider morepertinent issues that are at hand thansomething like this, that appears to bejust one legislators concern.

Julia Keleher, UI LGBTQAdirector, said the bill does notacknowledge the big picture whenit comes to athletics and life fortransgender people in general

Its this idea that trans girls are inherently advantaged in sports because they have male bodies physical bodies and (the bill) is looking at seeing people for their bodies and their genitals and not for their identities, Keleher said. The reality is that when we look at trans women and trans people in general, theyre more likely to experience discrimination, harassment, assaults, murder.

HB 500 was introduced by Rep.Barbara Erhardt (R-Idaho Falls) andpassed through the House 52-17. Thebill then moved to the Senate and iscurrently being amended in the StateAffairs Committee.

Erhardt could not be reached forcomment.

Joe St. Pierre, UI Athletics Communications Director, declined to comment regarding HB 500.

Alex Brizee contributed to this article.

Ellen Dennis can be reached at arg-news@uidaho.edu

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Even the playing field: a look at how House Bill 500 affects the transgender community - Argonaut

Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market 2018: Global Industry Insights by Global Players, Regional Segmentation, Growth, Applications, Major Drivers, Value and Foreseen till 2024

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NEW DELHI (AFP) When amputee Shreya Siddanagowder was offered new hands, the Indian student didnt hesitate even though they were big, dark and hairy, and once belonged to a man.

Remarkably, not only have her new hands become more slender, they have changed color to match her skin tone, mystifying the doctors who carried out the rare 13-hour transplant.

The donor was a tall man with big spindly fingers, Siddanagowders mother Suma told AFP by phone from their home in Pune in western India.

Siddanagowders life was turned upside down in 2016, when at 18 she was involved in a bus accident that crushed both her arms.

A delay in getting first aid caused both her hands to be amputated below the elbow.

Only 200 successful hand transplants have taken place worldwide including nine in India since the first in the United States in 1999 on a man whose left limb had been blown off by a firework.

The first in India was conducted in 2015 at the Amrita Institute of Medical Science in the southern state of Kerala, where Siddanagowders family took her.

The biggest problem was finding a donor. For cultural reasons, Indian families are often reluctant for the hands of loved ones to be made available after death.

Usually you have to wait for a long time, said Subramania Iyer, a member of a team of doctors who operated on Siddanagowder.

As a result, those seeking a transplant are so desperate that they dont mind if the hands are from a different gender, Iyer said.

The hospital obtained a pair of hands from a man in August 2017. Siddanagowder and her family accepted.

The donor hands were first attached by the bones, before the tendons, blood vessels and skin were painstakingly stitched together.

After the transplant, she had to undergo more than a year of physiotherapy for her body and brain to get used to the new hands and obtain mobility and sensation.

Iyer said that the color of Siddanagowders hands quickly began to show a lot of change, and it is difficult to pinpoint why.

It could be because of MSH a brain-controlled hormone that stimulates melanin production. We are wondering if MSH levels can really influence the skin color, he said.

Melanin is a natural pigment that gives skin, hair and eyes their color.

Dr. Shehla Agarwal, a leading dermatologist in New Delhi, said that the absence of testosterone explained why the hands became less hairy, and that other hormonal changes might explain the change in color.

She also cited other possible factors.

The donor male may have been exposed to more sunlight and physical activity compared to the woman, Agarwal told AFP.

Shreya is loving the transformation she even wrote her recent college exam with her new hands and so are her doctors.

We all feel very happy for her, said Iyer.

The best moment was when she sent me a handwritten note on my birthday. I could not have asked for a better birthday gift.

Agence France-Presse

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Amputee's New Hands Adapt to Her Body - Courthouse News Service

Coconut oil comes from the copra the kernel or meat of coconuts.

It contains a high percentage of saturated fats, particularly from medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs).

Coconut oil has various applications in cooking, beauty, skin care, and health.

Along with these applications, it has been suggested that coconut oil increases testosterone levels and improves sexual function, but research on the topic is scarce.

This article discusses everything you need to know about coconut oils effect on testosterone levels in men.

Testosterone is a powerful hormone.

While both men and women produce it, men produce 20 times more than women (1).

In men, testosterone plays an important role in muscle and body hair growth, bone health, and sexual function, among other areas (2).

Testosterone levels peak in men around the age of 19 and decline by approximately 16% by age 40, on average (3).

Most of the testosterone in your blood is bound to two proteins albumin and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG).

SHBG is strongly bound to testosterone, making the hormone unavailable for use by your body, whereas albumin is weakly bound and can be used by your body with some effort.

The remaining testosterone, which is known as free testosterone, is not bound to proteins and can be readily used by your body.

Free testosterone and albumin-bound testosterone make up your bioavailable or usable testosterone (4).

The sum of your bioavailable and SHBG-bound testosterone make up your total testosterone.

Testosterone is the predominant male hormone that increases muscle mass, maintains bone strength, and regulates sexual function.

While testosterone levels are influenced by a number of lifestyle factors, such as diet and exercise, coconut oils effects on testosterone levels in humans remain largely unknown (5).

Still, coconut oil contains a high percentage of fat from MCTs about 54% in the form of lauric acid (42%), caprylic acid (7%), and capric acid (5%). These MCTs have been shown to affect a hormone similar to testosterone called dihydrotestosterone (DHT) (6, 7).

Your body uses an enzyme called 5-alpha reductase to convert about 5% of free testosterone to DHT (8, 9).

DHT performs many of the same functions as testosterone but is thought to contribute to male pattern hair loss (10).

Interestingly, MCTs especially lauric acid have been shown to block the enzyme that converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in test-tube and animal studies (11, 12, 13).

Medications called 5-alpha reductase inhibitors, which are prescribed for the treatment of male pattern hair loss, work in the same way by blocking the 5-alpha reductase enzyme.

Still, studies in humans are needed to determine whether consuming MCTs from coconut oil helps prevent or treat male pattern hair loss, as the condition is also influenced by genetics (14).

Animal and test-tube studies have demonstrated that MCTs inhibit the enzyme that converts testosterone to DHT, a hormone linked to male pattern hair loss.

Low testosterone has been linked to erectile dysfunction (ED), the inability to get or maintain an erection (15).

The condition can be debilitating for men, cause embarrassment and low self-esteem, and lead to an unsatisfactory sex life.

The global prevalence of ED ranges from 377% and tends to become more common with age (16).

Specific foods, including coconut oil, have been suggested to increase testosterone and improve sexual function (17, 18).

Still, there is no evidence to suggest that coconut oil can directly increase testosterone or alleviate ED.

ED is common among people with diseases or conditions that affect the blood vessels, such as diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and overweight or obesity (19).

If any of these are present, you may be able to reduce or improve ED with lifestyle changes, such as engaging in regular physical activity, consuming a diet rich in fruits and vegetables, maintaining a healthy weight, and not smoking (20).

There is no evidence to suggest that coconut oil increases testosterone or alleviates ED. Exercising regularly, consuming a healthy diet, and maintaining a healthy weight are lifestyle factors that may improve ED.

Coconut oil is an oil thats extracted from the copra or meat of coconuts.

It contains a high percentage of MCTs, which animal and test-tube studies have shown can block the enzyme that converts testosterone to DHT the hormone linked to male pattern baldness.

Still, evidence that coconut oil can help treat this condition is lacking.

While coconut oil has been suggested to alleviate ED and improve sexual function by increasing testosterone, there is no research to support this theory.

The rest is here:
Coconut Oil and Testosterone: Is There a Connection? - Healthline

The Global Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market 2020 Industry Trends and Forecasts to 2025 is a professional and in-depth study on the current state of the Testosterone Replacement Therapy market. Annual estimates and forecasts are provided for the period 2020 through 2025. Also, a six-year historic analysis is presented for these Testosterone Replacement Therapy businesses. The global market for Testosterone Replacement Therapy is presumed to reach about xx by 2025 from xx in 2020, joining a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of xx % during the analysis years, 2020-2025.

The report presents a primary overview of the Testosterone Replacement Therapy industry including definitions, classifications, applications, and business chain structure. And developing strategies and programs are addressed as well as manufacturing methods and cost formations.

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Global Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market 2020: Applications Segment Analysis

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Table of Contents

1. Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market Overview, Scope, Segment- by Types, Applications and Regions, World Market Size and of Testosterone Replacement Therapy and Country wise Status and Prospect (2015-2025).

2. Global Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market Competition by Manufacturers- Global Testosterone Replacement Therapy Production, Revenue and Share by Manufacturers (2018 and 2020), Testosterone Replacement Therapy Industry Competitive Situation and Trends.

3. Global Testosterone Replacement Therapy Production, Revenue (Value) by Regions (North America, EU, Japan, India, and China) (2015-2020).

4. Global Testosterone Replacement Therapy Supply (Production), Consumption, Export, Import by Nations (2015-2020).

5. Global Testosterone Replacement Therapy Production, Revenue (Value), Price Trend by Types (2015-2020).

6. Global Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market Analysis by Applications and Study of Market Drivers and Opportunities.

7. Global Testosterone Replacement Therapy Manufacturers Profiles/Analysis- Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Sales Area, Testosterone Replacement Therapy Product Types, Application and Specification, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2018 and 2020) and Business Overview.

8. Analysis of Testosterone Replacement Therapy Industrial Chain Analysis, Sourcing Strategy and Downstream Buyers.

10. In this report study Testosterone Replacement Therapy Marketing Channel, Positioning and Strategy Analysis and List of Testosterone Replacement Therapy Distributors/Traders.

11. Global Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market Production and Price Forecast by Countries, Type, and Application (2020-2025).

12. Research Findings and Conclusion.

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Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market Current Status, Historical Analysis and Forecast 2020 to 2025 - Fashion Trends News

OFFICERS from the Kingaroy Police Station managed to locate four people in possession of illicit drugs and utensils last week including marijuana, amphetamines and testosterone. A Kingaroy Police spokesman said Police executed a search warrant at a residence on Frangipani Drive on Tuesday March 3 at 7.45am.

A 25-year-old man was allegedly found in possession of marijuana, testosterone and drug utensils and was charged with possessing dangerous drug and drug utensils.

He will appear in Kingaroy Magistrates Court on March 30.

On the same day at 9.55am police also executed a search warrant at a residence on Allens Road in Wooroolin.

A woman was allegedly found in possession of amphetamine and drug utensils.

The 32-year-old Wooroolin woman was charged with possessing dangerous drug and drug utensils and is due to appear in Kingaroy Magistrates Court on April 20.

On Friday March 6 at 10.30pm police managed to locate a man in Fisher Street allegedly in possession of marijuana.

The 24-year-old Kingaroy man was charged with possessing a dangerous drug and will appear in Kingaroy Magistrates Court on March 30.

Lastly on Saturday March 7 at 8.20pm police intercepted a woman driving a Ford station wagon on Burnett Street in Kingaroy. A search of the vehicle allegedly located the woman in possession of amphetamine.

The 30-year-old Kingaroy woman will appear in Kingaroy Magistrates Court on March 30 charged with possessing a dangerous drug.

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BUSTED: Drug busts produce weed, meth and testosterone - South Burnett Times

Women have two X chromosomes (homogametic sex), while men have an X and a Y (heterogametic sex). The unguarded X hypothesis suggests that as our chromosomes age, men dont have a backup plan when their X begins to falter, having a Y leaves that X unprotected. Alternatively, there is the toxic Y hypothesis, where the Y acts as a bit of a rogue adversely altering gene expressions and mutations. A group of researchers considered the life-span across all the species where two genes created homogametic or heterogametic genders. Their data set included 229 species, 99 families, 38 orders and eight classes [1]

Across a wide range of species including us mammals, insects, reptiles, and ray-finned fish (fish whose fins are supported by a bony infrastructure), the homogametic gender on average lives 17.6% longer. As it turns out, in birds, moths, and butterflies, the male is homogametic (noted as ZZ), and the female is heterogametic (ZW). Again, the homogametic gender lives longer. So it seems that the unguarded X hypothesis contains some truth.

The second finding by the researchers suggests a limit to the effect of an unguarded X.

that when males are heterogametic sex they die 20.9% earlier than their female counterparts, but when females are the heterogametic sex, they die only 7.1% earlier than their male counterparts.

Why might that be? The researchers suggest that those lonely Ys, and for the birds, their W genes are more degraded than those lusty Xs and Zs. Or that estrogen is protective of telomere length, or that the higher mortality in males [is a] side effects of sexual selection wooing and mating takes a lot out of us. In any case, an unguarded X fails to explain everything.

While we are tossing candidate theories into the ring, might I suggest that the 13.8% higher mortality for heterogametic males than heterogametic females has to do with estrogen, testosterone, and their effect on lifestyle? Men are less risk-averse; they take more chances, and perhaps that is fueled, in part by the testosterone milieu that baths their brains. Women, and yes, I recognize the generalization, maybe a little more risk-sensitive. Women are less likely to smoke than men, less likely to be overweight (although they are more likely to be obese), men tend to drive faster and are involved in many more high-speed car accidents.

Once again, it is not a question of nature or nurture, but how much do genetics and lifestyle contribute and interact in our life-span. It seems that in reality, at least for us mammals, men are the weaker sex.

[1] A refresher, the classifications are, Domain, Kingdom, Phyla, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Source: The sex with the reduced sex chromosome dies earlier: a comparison across the tree of life

Biology Letters DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2019.0867

Read more:
Men - The Truly Weaker Sex - American Council on Science and Health

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