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Public release date: 20-Feb-2012
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Contact: Sarah Stamper
sarah.stamper@liv.ac.uk
44-151-794-3044
University of Liverpool

Researchers at the University of Liverpool have found that overweight dogs that lose weight have an improved quality of life compared to those that don't.

It is estimated that approximately a third of the UK dog population is obese. Obesity is a serious disease and can lead to many other health disorders including diabetes, heart disease and arthritis.

A study of 50 overweight dogs, comprising a mix of breeds and genders was undertaken by scientists at the University in collaboration with the University of Glasgow, Royal Canin and the WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition.

Owners completed a questionnaire to determine the health-related quality of life of their dog prior to weight loss. A follow-up questionnaire was completed by the owners of 30 dogs that successfully completed the weight loss programme, enabling changes in quality of life to be assessed. A range of life quality factors were scored, including vitality, emotional disturbance and pain. The quality of life of dogs which succeeded with their weight loss programme was also compared with those dogs that failed to lose weight successfully.

The results showed that the quality of life improved in the dogs that had successfully lost weight, in particular vitality scores increased and the score for emotional disturbance and pain decreased. Moreover, the more body fat that the dog lost, the greater the improvement in vitality.

The research also found that dogs that failed to complete their weight loss programme had worse quality of life at the outset than those successfully losing weight, most notably worse vitality and greater emotional disturbance.

Dr Alex German, Director of the Royal Canin Weight Management Clinic at the University, said: "Obesity is a risk for many dogs, affecting not only their health but also their quality of life. This research indicates that weight loss can play an important role in keeping your dog both healthy and happy."

Dr Penelope Morris, from the WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, added: "Strategies for combating obesity and keeping dogs fit and healthy include portion control, increased exercise and diets specifically formulated for overweight pets."

Established in 2004, the Royal Canin Weight Management Clinic at the University's Small Animal Hospital UK's is the world's first animal weight management referral clinic and was set up to help tackle and prevent weight problems in animals such as dogs and cats.

Veterinary surgeons from any general practice in the UK can refer overweight animals to the clinic. The patients receive a thorough medical examination, and are then given a specific dietary plan and exercise regime to follow over several weeks.

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The research is published in The Veterinary Journal and is available to view online at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090023311003698

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AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.

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Quality of life of obese dogs improves when they lose weight

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By Karen Rowan
MyHealthNewsDaily

If you want to know whether you’ll lose weight or not, don’t ask a doctor.

In a new study, physicians predicted about 55 percent of patients would be "likely" or "very likely" to follow their recommendations for losing weight, eating healthier or getting more exercise. But three months later, only 28 percent of patients had lost at least two pounds, 34 percent were eating less fat and more fiber, and 6 percent were getting in one more hour of brisk walking each week.  

It was surprising, researchers said, that in slightly more than half of cases, doctors said they believed their patients would follow their recommendations, because other work has not shown that physicians have that level of optimism about their patients' behaviors.

Why the optimism? While physicians generally think patients are unlikely to follow recommendations, after talking with any given patient, doctors become optimistic that the patient will change, the study researchers say.

The findings were published Feb. 7 in the journal Family Practice.

Recordings of doctor's appointments

More than 60 percent of Americans are overweight or obese, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

In the study, the researchers made audio recordings of conversations between 40 doctors and 461 of their overweight or obese patients. The doctors and patients knew their conversations were being recorded, but were told only that the study they were participating in would look at how doctors "addressed disease prevention" with their patients — not that weight loss goals would be looked at, specifically.

After each visit, physicians were asked questions such as: How likely will the patient follow your weight loss recommendations?

When considering the patients who the doctors said would likely improve, most of the time, the docs got it wrong. Only 16 percent of those predicted to lose weight actually lost weight over the next three months. Of those that the doctors predicted would follow their healthy eating recommendations, only 19 percent actually improved their eating habits. Four percent of those predicted to get more exercise actually started doing so.

The physicians were more often accurate in their guesses about who not improve.

While previous studies had surveyed physicians about their expectations for their patients in general, none had asked doctors what they thought about specific patients immediately after an office visit, according to the study.

Is optimism good?

Doctors' expectations about their patients ability to change is important, because a doctor with low expectations "can lead to patients being less likely to improve their behaviors," the researchers said. When patients don’t improve behaviors, doctors' expectations only sink even lower, and a vicious cycle ensues.

But physician optimism might have some bene?ts. "Patients might feel more con?dent that they can lose weight when they feel their physician believes they will change," the researchers wrote. However, this optimism might mean that the doctors are overestimating the effect their recommendations will actually have on patients, and could make doctors less receptive to learning effecting techniques for counseling patients, according to the study.

Follow MyHealthNewsDaily on Twitter @ MyHealth_MHND. Find us on Facebook.

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Doctors over-estimate patients' ability to lose weight

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If you want to know whether you’ll lose weight or not, don’t ask a doctor.

In a new study, physicians predicted about 55 percent of patients would be "likely" or "very likely" to follow their recommendations for losing weight, eating healthier or getting more exercise. But three months later, only 28 percent of patients had lost at least two pounds, 34 percent were eating less fat and more fiber, and 6 percent were getting in one more hour of brisk walking each week.  

It was surprising, researchers said, that in slightly more than half of cases, doctors said they believed their patients would follow their recommendations, because other work has not shown that physicians have that level of optimism about their patients' behaviors.

Why the optimism? While physicians generally think patients are unlikely to follow recommendations, after talking with any given patient, doctors become optimistic that the patient will change, the study researchers say.

The findings were published Feb. 7 in the journal Family Practice.

Recordings of doctor's appointments

More than 60 percent of Americans are overweight or obese, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

In the study, the researchers made audio recordings of conversations between 40 doctors and 461 of their overweight or obese patients. The doctors and patients knew their conversations were being recorded, but were told only that the study they were participating in would look at how doctors "addressed disease prevention" with their patients — not that weight loss goals would be looked at, specifically.

After each visit, physicians were asked questions such as: How likely will the patient follow your weight loss recommendations?

When considering the patients who the doctors said would likely improve, most of the time, the docs got it wrong. Only 16 percent of those predicted to lose weight actually lost weight over the next three months. Of those that the doctors predicted would follow their healthy eating recommendations, only 19 percent actually improved their eating habits. Four percent of those predicted to get more exercise actually started doing so.

The physicians were more often accurate in their guesses about who not improve.

While previous studies had surveyed physicians about their expectations for their patients in general, none had asked doctors what they thought about specific patients immediately after an office visit, according to the study.

Is optimism good?

Doctors' expectations about their patients ability to change is important, because a doctor with low expectations "can lead to patients being less likely to improve their behaviors," the researchers said. When patients don’t improve behaviors, doctors' expectations only sink even lower, and a vicious cycle ensues.

But physician optimism might have some bene?ts. "Patients might feel more con?dent that they can lose weight when they feel their physician believes they will change," the researchers wrote. However, this optimism might mean that the doctors are overestimating the effect their recommendations will actually have on patients, and could make doctors less receptive to learning effecting techniques for counseling patients, according to the study.

This story was provided by MyHealthNewsDaily, a sister site to LiveScience. Follow MyHealthNewsDaily on Twitter @MyHealth_MHND. Find us on Facebook.

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Who Will Lose Weight? MDs Predictions Often Wrong

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Celebs have done it.  Non-celebs have done it too. No meat, no sweets, no booze, no caffeine: Cleansing or detox diets.

A liquid diet, it's made up of maple syrup, lemon juice, a bit of cayenne pepper and water -- which is essentially all you drink for ten days.

“The purpose of the detoxification is to get out the toxins and other substances that make people tired, old irritable, unhappy and not function well and zap their energy,” said Peter Glickman in a Florida interview.

He writes about the Master Cleanse in his book, "Lose Weight, Have More Energy, and Be Happier in Ten Days."

“I lost 23 pounds and had just unbelievable energy,” Glickman said. 

But not everyone agrees there is a lot of benefit.

 “When we look to find the toxins in the blood or colon, we can't find them, they're not really there, so it's a little tough. You're trying to remove something that's not there,” said Doctor Ken Fujioka, the Medical Director of the Scripps Center for Weight Management.

He said our kidneys and liver do the job of removing toxins. As for weight loss, he said it's mostly water weight loss.  Not a lot of benefit, he said, but with the simple cleanses, there’s not a lot of harm either.

“If somebody is healthy, they're doing it for three days or less and they're getting adequate fluid and in particular adequate calories, they're probably going to be okay,” said Fujioka.

But he does warn against hard core cleanses that he said can be dangerous.

“There are caffeine enemas or coffee enemas, different things that are stimulants to the bowel, so they’re trying to move things along,” Fujioka said.

“More than that, with all the clients I’ve had, what I've found is that mentally something kicks into gear. They figure something out,” said John Lenz, a fitness professional and health adviser who said his cleanse diet is about jumpstarting a lifestyle change, not about losing weight. 

He said people become aware of their emotions around food, their eating habits.

The diets are made up of a vegetable juice, one you drink for breakfast, one for lunch. Dinner is protein -- maybe a piece of fish and steamed vegetables, so you are not starving your body, risking the loss of muscle.

Doing something hard can lead to change, he said.

“Bottom line is it's a lifestyle thing, you have to learn how to eat right,” Lenz said. “If it means to go through a cleanse to jump start that, then do it, it might help you.”
 

Tell us what you think. Comment below, fan us on Facebook, mention us on Twitter @nbcsandiego, or download our improved iPhone app.

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Detox Cleanse: Safe or Dangerous?

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COMMENTARY | Scientists say they know why the obesity rate is so high: Everything we know about dieting, including calorie counting and metabolism rates, is wrong, AFP reports. This would explain why the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention stats show we're getting fatter faster. Generally, I think this study is overlooking some key issues.

It says people quit dieting because they don't know about the plateau effect and they should cut fewer calories over a longer period. Most dieters know that crash dieting might take the fat off faster, but it really doesn't teach new healthy new habits. I've tried the fad diets for quick weight loss (Acai, Hoodia, lemon detox). I lost a few pounds with those tricks, but it's only with better nutrition that I've managed make any real strides.

To lose weight, my nurse practitioner had me identify a goal weight (I chose 125 pounds). According to her algorithm, people who weigh that amount consume 1,400 calories a day. If I want to weigh 125 pounds, I need to take in calories needed to sustain that weight. I've been following this plan, and I've lost 40 pounds in about six months. The more exercise I build in, the better it works.

Yes, people fall off the wagon when they plateau, but it's more than that. Most dieters quit because they don't see appreciable results and get discouraged. If I only cut out 100 calories a day, as suggested in the study, I would only lose about 10 pounds per year. I can't speak for everyone, but I would have given up long before at those rates.

The study also ignores age-related weight issues. The goal weight plan from my nurse practitioner does, too. Up till age 38 or so, I weighed 125 pounds. I was on-the-go constantly. I never did formal exercise and I could eat anything I wanted and not gain weight. After 38, I had some health setbacks, was less active and put on weight very easily. Much of that could be exercise-related, but aging accounts for some of the problem. Weight loss research needs to address those issues.

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Scientists Are Wrong in Saying Calorie-Counting Diets Don't Work

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Once rejected by the FDA over safety concerns, the weight loss pill Qnexa on Wednesday will get a second chance before an FDA advisory committee.

Will the second time around be the charm? Qnexa maker Vivus Inc. hopes so. And the company will be showing off new safety data from patients who took Qnexa for a second year after completing a one-year clinical trial.

Whether that will sway the panel -- and, ultimately, the FDA -- is a tough call.

Qnexa combines two currently approved drugs. One is the appetite suppressant phentermine, the safer "phen" part of the infamously unsafe fen-phen diet drug.

The other half of Qnexa is the seizure/migraine drug topiramate. The topiramate label lists some scary side effects: eye problems, decreased sweating and increased body temperature, acidic body fluids, suicidal thoughts and behaviors, and fetal toxicity.

But Vivus' new data suggests that the FDA's main safety concerns, heart risk and birth defects, were not a big issue in the follow-up study. Neither were worries about increased suicide risk, mental dulling, or too much acid in body fluids.

These may not have been major issues in the clinical trials, but troubling safety issues persist. In the FDA's analysis of Qnexa safety, there were some ominous comments:

There was indeed evidence of increased heart rate and acidic body fluids in people taking Qnexa.
The FDA states that "only a long-term" study can tell whether Qnexa increases the risk of heart disease in obese people already at high heart risk. One question before the panel is whether Vivus must conduct such a study.
A disturbing number of women in the clinical trials got pregnant, even though they had agreed to be on birth control and had regular pregnancy checks. One of the ingredients in Qnexa is linked to birth defects, although none were seen in the clinical trial. Since 36% of U.S. women are obese, the FDA worries that a lot of pregnant women will be exposed to Qnexa.

While the argument over Qnexa approval isn't about efficacy, not everyone taking the drug loses a significant amount of weight:

On average, people taking the dose of Qnexa proposed for approval lost 6.6% of their body weight. For approval, the FDA requires that a drug result in average loss of at least 5% of body weight.
In one study, 62% of obese and overweight people taking Qnexa lost at least 5% of their body weight -- about three times as many as in the placebo group. The FDA standard is that 35% of people must lose 5% of body weight.
In a follow-up study, people continuing to take Qnexa for a second year regained some of the weight they lost the first year. They did not regain as much weight as people taking a placebo.

Since Qnexa exceeds the FDA's minimum effectiveness requirement, the question is whether the new safety data will sway the new FDA panel.

The last panel voted 10 to 6 against approval. But a lot of those voting said it was a close call.

This year, there are 22 panel members scheduled to vote. Twelve of them were on the last panel. Last time, seven of them voted "no" to approval, and five voted "yes."

By Daniel J. DeNoon

Reviewed by Laura J. Martin, MD

SOURCES:FDA web site.FDA briefing document, Feb. 22 meeting of the Endocrinologic and Metabolic Drugs Advisory Committee.

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Panel to ponder fate of weight-loss pill

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TUESDAY, Feb. 21 (HealthDay News) -- The U.S. Food and Drug Administration plans to take a second look at the weight loss pill Qnexa on Wednesday, after initially rejecting it because of concerns about heart problems and possible birth defects.

While effective at reducing weight, the drug, manufactured by Vivus Inc., was denied approval in 2010 because of its potential side effects. An FDA advisory panel will now review two years of data; when advisers last voted on Qnexa, only one year's worth of follow-up data was available.

The drug combines the appetite suppressant phentermine and the anti-seizure/migraine drug topiramate. Phentermine was once widely prescribed as the "phen" part of the fen-phen weight loss drug. This combo was withdrawn from the market after its use was linked to high blood pressure in the lungs and heart valve disease. The problems were related to the "fen" or fenfluramine part of the combination, not the phentermine.

No new weight-loss drug has been approved in the United States in the past 13 years, according to published reports. As it stands, Xenical is the only FDA-approved drug specifically for long-term use -- up to a year -- for weight loss. Xenical is sold over-the-counter as Alli. However, other drugs may be used off label to promote weight loss.

Last April, a study funded by Vivus found that obese patients taking Qnexa lost an average 22 pounds over a year, while also lowering their blood pressure and cholesterol levels.

Dr. Louis Aronne, founder and director of the Comprehensive Weight Control Program at New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center in New York City, is cautiously optimistic that Vivus did a good job responding to FDA safety concerns, and that the FDA will give the drug its nod of approval, with some caveats. Aronne was not involved in the trials but has been an adviser to Vivus and other companies developing weight loss medications.

"I am not as pessimistic as most people," he said.

Vivus has reported that Qnexa may increase the risk of cleft lip in babies of women who use the drug while pregnant. Aronne said the birth defect concern could be addressed through education on who should and should not use the new drug.

"We have learned our lessons with weight loss drugs," he said. "They need to be used in the right people under the right circumstances." The heart risks need to be weighed against reductions in heart disease risk factors that come with weight loss, he said.

Qnexa is not any riskier than bariatric surgery, according to Aronne. "The problem is that it can be distributed more widely," he said. He hopes for a compromise that allows the new compound to be prescribed, but not misused. "Once new medications are approved, local medical boards will need to enforce rules and make sure these medications are prescribed appropriately to the right candidates," he said. "We don't want to open up pill mills."

One thing is clear, he said: More options to treat obesity are needed. "For hypertension, there are 120 medications in nine categories," Aronne said. "We need new options and we need to get physicians thinking about obesity and obesity treatments."

Dr. Scott Kahan, an obesity expert at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore and director of the National Center for Weight and Wellness in Washington, D.C., agreed. He is optimistic about the FDA's upcoming decision on Qnexa. "The weight loss effects are striking and approaching the amount of weight loss over two years that we get with bariatric surgery," he said. "This is really impressive."

More information

Learn more about weight loss medications at the U.S. National Institutes of Health.

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FDA Weighs Fate of Qnexa for Weight Loss, Again

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16-03-2011 08:24 HowToGetRidOfBellyFatEASY.com Check out my blog for the latest weight loss tips, news and recipes. Click On HowToGetRidOfBellyFatEasy.com for your FREE VIDEOS and Watch Your Belly Fat MELT! Discover how to STOP Dieting... START Eating... and START LIVING! Learn the Foods that Burn Belly Fat and the Best Way to Lose Belly Fat WITHOUT Fad Diets and NO Spending All Day at the Gym! Ladies - drop a dress size or 2 quickly and easily Men - find those 6 pack abs that you know are in there somewhere waiting to show themselves! Healthy eating with foods that burn fat is definitely the best way to lose weight and get rid of belly fat fast!

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How To Get Rid Of Belly Fat Easy - Video

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If you’ve ever followed a weight-loss diet, you might be familiar with the 3,500-calorie rule.

It’s pretty simple: Since there are 3,500 calories in a pound of body fat, eating 500 fewer calories each day – or burning them off exercising – will lead to a slow and steady weight loss of a pound a week. (The math: 500 x 7 days = 3,500)

More related to this story

According to U.S. researches, this ubiquitous weight-loss rule is overly simple and overly optimistic. And it can lead to unrealistic expectations about how quickly you can achieve a weight-loss goal.

The rule contends that cutting 200 calories a day from your diet would lead to a loss of 20 pounds over the course of a year and the weight loss should keep on going. But in reality that doesn’t happen. Weight loss slows and eventually comes to halt despite the drop in calorie intake.

This past weekend, at the American Association for the Advancement of Science’s annual meeting in Vancouver, an international team of researchers unveiled a new formula to better predict how people will lose weight on a diet.

The 3,500-calorie assumption doesn’t account for how metabolism changes during weight loss.

Your metabolism is the rate at which your body burns calories, and it’s largely determined by how much muscle you have, since muscle burns more calories at rest than body fat. Ultimately, it’s your metabolism that dictates how easily you will lose or gain weight.

As the body slims down, metabolism slows, causing it to burn fewer calories at rest. A smaller body also burns fewer calories during exercise. The net result: a sluggish rate of weight loss that can frustrate dieters and cause them to abandon their plan.

Now health-care professionals and researchers have a tool to more accurately predict a dieter’s expected weight loss over time, based on changes to metabolism. Having a more realistic sense of what to expect can help people stay motivated over the long term.

The new formula and accompanying web-based model were developed by researchers from the U.S. National Institutes of Health, the World Health Organization, Columbia University and Harvard School of Public Health,

The online tool – called the Body Weight Simulator – requires people to input their age, gender, body weight, height, activity level and weight goal (bwsimulator.niddk.nih.gov).

It then simulates what diet and exercise changes are required to reach the goal weight and what changes are necessary to maintain it over time.

Using this model, the researchers found that people’s bodies adapt slowly to dietary changes.

For example, the average overweight person needs to cut 100 calories from their current intake per day to lose 10 pounds over three years.

Half of the weight will be lost in one year and then you’ll reach a plateau, slowly losing the remainder by three years.

In contrast, for the same calorie reduction, the 3,500-calorie formula predicts you’ll lose 10 pounds in one year – and 30 pounds by three years.

The Body Weight Simulator isn’t aimed at consumers. It’s intended to be used as a tool for doctors, dietitians and researchers to re-evaluate client goals and identify necessary diet and exercise changes to achieve a weight loss goal at a realistic pace.

The online tool also highlights a salient point: Even though weight loss slows down over time, you will continue to lose weight if you stick to your plan. That’s a positive message for anyone trying to lose weight.

It also emphasizes the need to abandon our quick-fix mentality. Permanent weight loss takes time and requires persistence, consistency and patience. Not easy, I know.

There are other reasons weight loss slows down that have nothing to do with metabolism. They’re related to human nature and they’re within your control.

If you’re experiencing a slowdown, the following strategies can help you pick up the pace.

Don’t let lapses accumulate.

You’re bound to fall off plan occasionally. Losing weight is not an all-or-nothing endeavour.

If you slip, don’t tell yourself “I’ll start again on Monday.” Instead, get back on track, the sooner the better. One small lapse won’t make a difference to the scale.

Rein in portion sizes.

It happens gradually. Instead of one cup of rice, you’re serving yourself 1.5 cups and an extra 100 calories. The chicken breast that not long ago was a precise four ounces, now weighs in at six ounces.

A few extra calories here and there add up and can make the difference between losing and holding steady. If this sounds familiar, measure and weigh your foods again.

Be mindful of extras.

An extra dessert, a few tastes while making dinner, a bite or two off your kid’s plate. Those extra calories can – and will – stall weight loss.

Twenty pounds ago you could get away with eating something extra here and there and still lose weight each week. But not any more. Keep in mind that smaller bodies burn fewer calories, so you have less leeway than before.

Resume keeping a food diary to see if extra calories are sneaking into your diet.

Be consistent on the weekend.

Larger meals, alcoholic beverages, and a few extra snacks on the weekend can cause the needle on the scale to jump Monday morning. You play catch-up during the week to lose those few pounds. Then the following weekend, you put a couple more back on. The end result: no progress.

If weekends are your trouble spot, keep a food diary Friday through Sunday.

Leslie Beck, a Toronto-based dietitian at the Medcan Clinic, is on CTV’s Canada AM every Wednesday. Her website is lesliebeck.com.

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The new weight-loss math

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The Irish Times - Tuesday, February 21, 2012

DICK AHLSTROM, Science Editor in Vancouver

THE OLD models of how much weight you can lose by reducing calories are seriously off the mark. It is a lot more difficult to lose weight than these models suggest, according to the authors of a mathematical approach to weight loss and obesity.

Dr Kevin Hall and Dr Carson Chow from the US National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases improved on the old linear model that suggested a 250 kilocalorie (usually just referred to as calorie) cut in food intake would deliver a 25lb loss over a year.

This ignored the reality of human metabolism, however, they told a session at the American Association for the Advancement of Science’s annual meeting in Vancouver.

Weight loss when dieting comes quickly when you start but soon diminishes over time until finally hitting a plateau, as habitual dieters can attest. For this reason assumptions about energy intake and expenditure based on each pound of fat representing 3,500 calories was not useful for calculating energy balance, they said.

Dr Hall pointed to a US study that indicated 67 per cent of people there were overweight or obese. It suggested that if the government introduced a heavy tax on sugar-sweetened beverages this would quickly drop to 50 per cent on the basis of the older models. The researchers ran a “dynamic simulation model” on the data and found that in fact the tax would only reduce obesity to 62 per cent because of the plateau effect.

The two decided to build a new, more accurate model of energy balance and weight loss. It took into account metabolic factors including the weight to lean ratio, sex, physical activity and other factors. They also built a simpler online version so people could log on and set up a weight loss programme. ( bwsimulator.niddk.nih.gov)

This was very different from the older calculators that suggested reducing calorie intake by 500 a day would deliver a 1lb loss per week. Their calculator allows you to set goals – how much weight you want to lose over what period of time – and then does the calculations for changes to calorie intake and exercise.

A person should reduce food intake by 10 calories a day for each pound of weight change required. At that rate about half the weight change would be reached in about a year and about 95 per cent of the loss reached in about three years, the researchers calculate.

They also used their model to look at the US adult obesity epidemic. They showed that reaching the average population-based weight gain only required seven extra calories a day.

The calculations were much more sophisticated, however, and also took into account the energy demands required by an individual to carry around the extra average weight. The average person needed to burn up an extra 215 calories a day to haul around the weight. Changing the energy balance will deliver weight loss, Dr Chow said. Eating one fewer biscuit a day could deliver a 15lb weight loss over a year.

“The surprise is such a little change can deliver such a large result,” he said.

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Researchers give less weight to established slimming tricks

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