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Don't settle for being fat and strong. Here's why relative strength should be one of your goals.
Here's how to hit your calves in your home gym without having to buy a calf machine.
More and more women are lifting weights, but women's pro bodybuilding is dying fast. Here's why, plus a frightening look at the cause of "man face."
The lawyers, the media, and supposedly science are saying that testosterone might kill you. Could they be right?
Body fat percentage, full body workouts, somatotypes. Are your ideas about these things holding back your progress?
Ten secrets, eight exercises, and one sweet three-day-a-week program to help you pile on muscle weight fast.
Jim Wendler's 5/3/1/ program promises slow and steady gains that will eventually turn you into the strongest guy in the gym. And it delivers, every time.
A sports medicine physician who worked at the CrossFit Games has some pointed advice for CrossFit HQ. Check it out.
Run, swim, or lift longer with just one or two capsules of this plant compound.
Creative ways to get bigger, stronger delts without compromising your long-term shoulder health.
Some people ditch the heavy weights and do tons of light reps when in a fat loss phase. That's a mistake. Here's why.
These painful combos prolong time under tension and increase metabolic stress. That means a bigger chest, back, and legs!
Could it be that everything we thought we knew about glute training was ass-backwards?
Bodybuilding is full of programs used by "enhanced" lifters, but most people don't take drugs and can't get good results. This effective program is for them.
Cancel that doctor's appointment. Take the self-assessment tests then try these treatments to fix your nagging pain.
These two brutal drills will get you more athletic and shredded, even if you're not into Olympic lifting. Do them. Here's how.
Being a novice is a beautiful thing if you want to add strength and muscle to your frame at a shocking rate. Here's a program that will help you do just that.
Leg training multiple times per week may be torture, but it delivers rapid gains in size and strength. Here's how to do it.
Want to design your own kick-ass training programs? All you need is the perfect template based on 20 years of trial and error.
Drop the weenie weights, load this exercise heavy, and watch your deadlift PR skyrocket. Oh, and you'll build great glutes and hamstrings.
How to quickly dump fat, water, and bloat for a photo shoot or special event.
Can't seem to lose fat and keep it off? Have crazy cravings? It could be caused by a problem with your natural gut bacteria. Here's why and how you can fix it.
This style of row is great for back hypertrophy and for building your grip for the deadlift. Go for at least 20 reps, Kroc-row style.
CrossFit claims that the NSCA is out to get them. Is it a conspiracy or does CrossFit just enjoy bullying people?
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T-Nation - Strength Training, Bodybuilding & Online ...
Side effects of brain radiation for small cell lung cancer – Testosterone enanthate and nandrolone decanoate cycle – Filipino Express
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Side effects of brain radiation for small cell lung cancer - Testosterone enanthate and nandrolone decanoate cycle - Filipino Express
Delayed Ejaculation and Associated Complaints: Relationship to Ejaculation Times and Serum Testosterone Levels. – UroToday
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Although delayed ejaculation (DE) is typically characterized as a persistently longer than anticipated or desired time to ejaculation (or orgasm) during sexual activity, a timing-based definition of DE and its association with serum testosterone has not been established in a large cohort.
To examine in an observational study estimated intravaginal ejaculatory latency time (IELT) and masturbatory ejaculation latency time (MELT) in men self-reporting DE, assess the association of IELT and MELT withserum testosterone levels, and determine whether correlation with demographic and sexual parameters exist.
Men who resided in the United States, Canada, and Mexico were enrolled from 2011 to 2013. Self-estimated IELT and MELT were captured using an Ejaculatory Function Screening Questionnaire in a sample of 988 men screened for possible inclusion in a randomized clinical trial assessing testosterone replacement therapy for ejaculatory dysfunction (EjD) and who self-reported the presence or absence of DE and symptoms of hypogonadism. Additional comorbid EjDs (ie, anejaculation, perceived decrease in ejaculate volume, and decreased force of ejaculation) were recorded. Men with premature ejaculation were excluded from this analysis. IELT and MELT were compared between men self-reporting DE and men without DE. The associations of IELT and MELT with serum testosterone were measured.
IELT, MELT, and total testosterone levels.
Sixty-two percent of screened men self-reported DE with or without comorbid EjDs; 38% did not report DE but did report at least one of the other EjDs. Estimated median IELTs were 20.0 minutes for DE vs 15 minutes for no DE (P < .001). Estimated median MELTs were 15.0 minutes for DE vs 8.0 minutes for no DE (P < .001). Ejaculation time was not associated with serum testosterone levels. Younger men and those with less severe erectile dysfunction had longer IELTs and MELTs.
Estimated ejaculation times during vaginal intercourse and/or masturbation were not associated with serum testosterone levels in this study; thus, routine androgen evaluation is not indicated in these men.
This large systematic analysis attempted to objectively assess the ejaculation latency in men with self-reported DE. Limitations were that ejaculation time estimates were self-reported and were queried only once; the questionnaire did not distinguish between failure to achieve orgasm and ejaculation; and assessment of DE was limited to heterosexual vaginal intercourse and masturbation.
IELT and MELT were longer in men with DE, and there was no association of ejaculation times with serum testosterone levels in this study population. Morgentaler A, Polzer P, Althof S, etal. Delayed Ejaculation and Associated Complaints: Relationship to Ejaculation Times and Serum Testosterone Levels. J Sex Med 2017;XX:XXX-XXX.
The journal of sexual medicine. 2017 Aug 11 [Epub ahead of print]
Abraham Morgentaler, Paula Polzer, Stanley Althof, Alexander Bolyakov, Craig Donatucci, Xiao Ni, Ankur B Patel, Shehzad Basaria
Men's Health Boston, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA. Electronic address: ., Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA., Center for Marital and Sexual Health of South Florida, West Palm Beach, FL, USA., Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA., Section on Men's Health, Aging and Metabolism, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
PubMed http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28807505
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Delayed Ejaculation and Associated Complaints: Relationship to Ejaculation Times and Serum Testosterone Levels. - UroToday
testosterone | hormone | Britannica.com
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Testosterone, hormone produced by the male testis that is responsible for development of the male sex organs and masculine characteristics, including facial hair and deepening of the voice. Testosterone was isolated from testicular extracts in 1935. Its discovery followed that of an androgen (male hormone) called androsterone, which was isolated from urine in 1931. However, testosterone proved to be more potent than androsterone, which was later shown to be a biochemical product (a metabolite) of testosterone.
A healthy man produces about 5 mg (1.8 104 ounces) of testosterone daily. Testosterone serves as a circulating prohormone for a more active androgen called dihydrotestosterone. Testosterone is converted to dihydrotestosterone in most tissues that are sensitive to androgens, including the testes, prostate gland, hair follicles, and muscles. Although testosterone itself has androgenic actions, its conversion to dihydrotestosterone is critical to the development of external genitalia in boys. Testosterone is also converted to estradiol in adipose tissue (and to a lesser extent in some other tissues), which is the most important source of estrogen in men. Furthermore, testosterone is interconvertible with androstenedione, which can be converted into estrogens. When androstenedione is formed in adipose tissue, it may be converted to a form of estrogen called estrone.
Similar to other steroid hormones, testosterone exists in serum in two forms. Most testosterone in the serum is bound to sex hormone-binding globulin and to albumin, while the remaining amount (about 1 percent) is free, or unbound. Free testosterone is in equilibrium with bound testosterone so that when free testosterone enters cells, some bound testosterone is immediately freed. In the cytoplasm of target cells, testosterone or dihydrotestosterone binds to specific androgen receptors, and the hormone-receptor complexes enter the cell nucleus, where they modulate protein synthesis by influencing the rate at which particular genes are transcribed (see transcription).
Testosterone has several major actions. It provides negative feedback inhibition on the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus and the secretion of luteinizing hormone from the pituitary gland. It also directs the development of the embryonic Wolffian ducts into the vas deferens (ductus deferens) and seminal vesicles and stimulates the formation of muscle and bone. Dihydrotestosterone is responsible for sperm maturation during spermatogenesis, for the formation of the prostate gland and external genitalia, and for sexual maturation at puberty.
Testosterone can be manufactured by chemical and microbiological modification of inexpensive steroids, such as diosgenin. It is used clinically to treat testicular insufficiency, to suppress lactation (milk production), and to treat certain types of breast cancer.
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testosterone | hormone | Britannica.com
Testosterone Supplements | Walgreens
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Testosterone booster supplements
Testosterone is a male hormone. Hormones are chemical messengers that are secreted by the brain directly into the blood, which carries them to organs and tissues of the body to perform their functions. Testosterone is produced by the testicles, two oval organs that produce sperm in men. Dietary supplements help with increasing the levels of hormones if we have low levels in the body. In men, testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive organs. In addition, it helps with increasing muscle mass, bone mass, and the growth of body hair. It is also good for general health and well-being. It also prevents loss of bone mass and density. Testosterone also helps maintain the sex drive and energy levels. Moreover, it helps with production of sperm and red blood cells. Testosterone levels start to fall with age. As a result, some men who have low testosterone levels may benefit from testosterone prescribed by their doctor. Testosterone booster supplements may also help.
The ingredients in testosterone supplements may be different. Some testosterone supplements contain zinc and magnesium. They increase testosterone levels in men who exercise. Some other testosterone supplements have hormones like DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone) and pregnenolone. They help with making new testosterone and may help improve the ability to have an erection. But it doesn't seem to be helpful if the problem with erections is caused by diabetes or nerve disorders. Some testosterone booster supplements contain natural ingredients like herbs and botanicals. They may increase testosterone by increasing a hormone produced by the brain, which signals the testicles to produce more testosterone. In addition, others work by releasing bound testosterone, so it is in a form the body can use. Studies do not provide strong evidence that women benefit from taking these supplements. You need to talk to your doctor or pharmacist before starting a testosterone booster supplement. Discuss your medical history and current prescribed medications, over the counter medications, and any supplements that you are taking. Your doctor or pharmacist can tell you if a testosterone booster supplement is right for you. Once you know if a testosterone booster supplement is right for you, Walgreens has a variety of testosterone booster supplements to choose from and they come in different forms like tablets, capsules or gels.
This summary is intended for general informational purposes only, and should not be interpreted as specific medical advice. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration does not strictly regulate herbs and supplements. There is no guarantee of purity, strength, or safety of the products. As a result, effects may vary. You should read product labels. In addition, if you are taking medications, herbs, or other supplements you should consult with a qualified healthcare provider before taking a supplement as supplements may interact with other medications, herbs, and nutritional products. If you have a medical condition, including if you are pregnant or nursing, you should speak to your physician before taking a supplement. Consult a healthcare provider if you experience side effects.
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Testosterone Supplements | Walgreens
Testosterone – New World Encyclopedia
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Testosterone
Testosterone is a steroid hormone that acts in vertebrates to regulate many sexually dimorphic traits and express many fitness related traits in males (Zysline et al. 2006). A hormone is a secreted chemical messenger that coordinates cell-to-cell communication. Testosterone belongs to the class of steroid hormones known as androgensthe generic term for any natural or synthetic compound that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors, including the activity of the accessory male sex organs and development of male secondary sex characteristics.
Steroid hormones such as testosterone (and estradiol on the female side) act early in development to organize male or female phenotypes that are activated later (Zysline et al. 2006). Testosterone's chemical formula is C19H28O2.
Although testosterone in vertebrates can activate male-typical phenotypes, testosterone's presence and action is not limited to males, and both sexes of most vertebrate taxa naturally produce testosterone (Zysline et al. 2006; Nelson 2000). In mammals, including humans, testosterone is primarily synthesized in the male's testes, but small amounts are also secreted by the female ovaries, the placenta, and the adrenal glands of both sexes.
Scientists have isolated testosterone and developed procedures for utilizing it medically to treat a wide variety of medical and psychological conditions, including low libido and even depression. This represents one aspect of human creativityutilizing it in service to others. However, human creativity can also be applied toward ill purposes, and testosterone provides a good example. Despite known side effects, some have used testosterone and other steroids to gain unfair competitive advantage in sports. Some athletes have admitted winning competitions, such as track and field events while circumventing the rules with performance enhancing drugs, to the detriment of honest competitors. This case of sacrificing others and the sport for one's personal gain reveals an unethical application of human creativity.
Testosterone's effects can be classified as either anabolic (related to protein synthesis and growth) or virilizing (related to the biological development of male sex characteristics). However, the two categories are closely related:
Greatly differing amounts of testosterone prenatally, at puberty, and throughout life account for a share of biological differences between males and females. On average, the adult male human produces about 20 to 30 times the amount of testosterone synthesized by an adult female (Larsen, et al. 2002). Nonetheless, like men, women rely on testosterone (albeit in significantly smaller quantities) to maintain libido, bone density, and muscle mass throughout their lives.
Since testosterone was isolated by scientists in the 1930s, it has been used to treat a host of clinical issues, ranging from hypogonadism (the underproduction of natural testosterone) to certain forms of cancer, osteoporosis, and depression. More recently, testosterone replacement therapy has become available to older men, whose testosterone levels naturally decline with age; however, large-scale trials to assess the efficiency and long-term safety of this treatment are still lacking.
Anabolic steroids, a category which includes testosterone and its derivatives, have also received attention due to their controversial use to increase muscle mass and enhance athletic performance. Anabolic steroids were designated a controlled substance by the United States Congress in 1990, under the Anabolic Steroid Control Act; Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, Argentina, and Brazil also have laws controlling their use and distribution (The Steroid Group, 2006).
Like other steroid hormones, testosterone is derived from cholesterol, a sterol lipid with the chemical formula C27H45OH. Steroids are characterized by a carbon skeleton with four fused rings; they are distinguished by the functional groups attached to the rings.
Androgens (such as testosterone) are a major class of steroid hormones responsible for the development of male secondary sex characteristics. Testosterone is derived from the androgen androstenedione via a reduction of its 17-keto group.
The presence of a hydroxyl group (-OH) at position C-17 has enabled the development of synthetic forms of testosterone that can be administered in therapeutic treatments:
Most hormones are synthesized in a specialized tissue, then released to target cells as needed. The largest amount of testosterone is produced by the testes in men, but it is also synthesized in smaller quantities in women by the thecal cells of the ovaries, the placenta, and the zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex in both sexes.
In the testes, testosterone is specifically produced by the Leydig cells. The male generative glands also contain the Sertoli cells, which require testosterone for spermatogenesis (the synthesis of spermatozoa).
Because testosterone is not soluble in water, it is transported to target cells bound to a specific plasma protein called sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG). When a hormone arrives at the target cell, it binds to, or fits, a site on the receptor protein. Binding creates a ligand-receptor complex, causing a conformational change (a change in the molecule's structural arrangement) that initiates a sequence of reactions leading to a change in cellular function.
The effects of testosterone in humans and other vertebrates are triggered via two main mechanisms: (1) by activation of the androgen receptor and (2) by conversion of testosterone to the steroid estradiol, the major estrogen in humans, which in turn activates certain estrogen receptors.
The rate of hormone biosynthesis and secretion is often regulated by feedback circuits, in which changes in the level of one hormone affects the levels of other hormones. Luteinizing hormone (LH), which is synthesized and secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, functions in the regulation of testosterone levels. LH acts upon the Leydig cells of the testis to stimulate testosterone production. LH's release is controlled by pulses of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus. These pulses, in turn, are subject to estrogen feedback from the gonads.
Testosterone has its greatest impact on sexual differentiation during two stages of life: (1) Before birth and (2) during puberty.
Most prenatal androgen effects in humans occur between the 7th and 12th weeks of gestation, and are responsible for the masculinization of the developing fetus. Changes include closure of the perineum, thinning and rugation of the scrotum, growth of the penis, and closure of the urethral groove to the tip of the penis.
Prenatal virilization of genetic females and undervirilization of genetic males are common causes of ambiguous genitalia and intersex conditions. Undervirilization can occur if a genetic male cannot produce enough androgen or the body tissues are unable to respond to it. In females, intrauterine exposure to heightened levels of testosterone leads to profound genital abnormalities. In humans, for example, excessive exposure to androgens in the womb gives a girl a greatly enlarged clitoris and a vagina that is partially fused shut. In the most severe form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia, complete masculinization of a genetically female fetus results in an apparently normal baby boy with no palpable testes. More often, the virilization is partial and the genitalia are ambiguous.
Postnatal effects in both males and females are mostly dependent on the levels and duration of circulating free testosterone.
Early postnatal effects are the first visible effects of rising androgen levels in childhood, and occur in both boys and girls during puberty. They include adult-type body odor, increased oiliness of skin (acne), appearance of pubic hair and underarm hair, growth spurts (accelerated bone maturation), and the appearance of fine upper lip and sideburn hair.
In males, the following advanced postnatal effects typically manifest themselves during late puberty:
Adult testosterone effects are more clearly demonstrable in males than in females, but are likely important to both sexes. Some of these effects may decline as testosterone levels decrease in the later decades of adult life. They include maintenance of muscle mass, maintenance of bone density, libido, and clitoral engorgement/penile erection frequency.
Behavioral effects of hormones are difficult to understand and to attribute to a given cause; in addition, a given hormone can have very different effects on behavior depending on the region of the central nervous system on which it acts. Nonetheless, high levels of circulating testosterone have been correlated to aggression in a variety of vertebrate species. For elephant bulls in musth (period condition in bull elephants), the amount of testosterone in the blood soars to levels fifty times higher than usual; during this period, male elephants demonstrate a mix of desperate lust and rage and are likely to engage in fights with other similarly affected males. Moreover, abnormal intrauterine exposure to androgens fosters aggression in females: Female mice that are snuggled between their brothers during fetal life are exposed to higher levels of androgens than females nestled between sisters and are more aggressive adults (Judson 2002).
The aggression associated with high levels of naturally circulating testosterone seems to be closely related to reproduction. For example, in male red-winged blackbirds (agelaius phoeniceus), testosterone levels peak during the two-week period when males are defending breeding territories and guarding their mates from rivals (Barnard 2003).
A experimental study on female dark-eyed juncos, a species of bird, found that exogenously increased testosterone levels led to increased intrasexual aggression (as well as decreased cell-mediated immune function) (Zysling et al. 2006). Increased aggressive behavior in female birds might help them acquire high quality mates or nesting sites, be more active in nest defense, or help win territorial interactions with other females, but might also lead to increased energy expenditure, potential for injury, or risk of predation (Zysling et al. 2006).
Various forms of exogenous (externally produced) testosterone and other anabolic steroids are used in medical treatment and (more controversially) as a bodybuilding tool or performance enhancer; they are most commonly administered in oral, injectable, and transdermal form.
Testosterone was originally used for the treatment of males who have little or no natural testosterone productionthat is, males with hypogonadism. Hormone replacement therapy maintains blood testosterone levels in the normal range.
Over the years, testosterone has been administered to treat a variety of conditions, including infertility, lack of libido or erectile dysfunction, osteoporosis, and for penile enlargement, height growth, bone marrow stimulation and reversal of anemia, and even appetite stimulation.
To take advantage of its virilizing effects, testosterone is often administered to female-to-male transsexual men as part of hormone replacement therapy, with a "target level" of the normal male testosterone level.
Decline of testosterone production with age has led to a demand for androgen replacement therapy, though there is disagreement within the medical community about the efficacy and safety of such treatments. Caution about embracing testosterone replacement therapy stems in part from the lessons of female hormone replacement therapy trials, where initially promising results were later refuted by larger studies. Still, testosterone replacement therapies in women to treat or prevent osteoporosis have yet to show the risks now associated with estrogen replacement therapies.
Women may use testosterone to treat low libido, often a symptom or outcome of hormonal contraceptive use. Women may also use testosterone therapies to treat or prevent loss of bone density and muscle mass and to treat certain kinds of depression.
Some drugs work to reduce testosterone's effects. For example, finasteride inhibits the conversion of testosterone into its metabolite dihydrotestosterone (DHT). By lowering levels of DHT, finasteride may be used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and androgenetic alopecia (male-pattern baldness).
Testosterone administered to an athlete in order to improve performance is considered to be a form of doping in most sports. After a series of scandals and publicity in the 1980s (such as runner Ben Johnson's improved performance at the 1988 Summer Olympics), prohibitions of anabolic steroid use were renewed or strengthened by many sports organizations. Testosterone and other anabolic steroids were designated a controlled substance by the United States Congress in 1990.
Anabolic steroids have been associated with numerous side effects when administered in excessive doses; these include elevated cholesterol levels, acne, elevated blood pressure, hepatotoxicity, and alterations in left ventricle morphology. Adolescents who abuse anabolic steroids also risk stunted growth.
Some side effects are gender specific. Development of breast tissue in males, a condition called gynecomastia, is usually caused by high levels of circulating estrogen, the result of the increased conversion of testosterone to estrogen via an aromatase enzyme. Another male-specific side effect is testicular atrophy, a temporary reduction in the size of the testes. Possible female-specific side effects include increases in hair, deepening of the voice, enlarged clitoris (clitoral hypertrophy), as well as temporary decreases in menstrual cycles. When taken during pregnancy, anabolic steroids can affect fetal development.
A popular conception, perhaps misconception, regarding the side effects of anabolic steroids is that use leads to increased aggression, known in popular parlance as roid rage. Some early studies have shown a slight correlation between manic symptoms and anabolic steroid use; however, more comprehensive and recent studies have brought into question their methodology and conclusions (Pope and Katz 1988). Many scientists and medical professionals have concluded that anabolic steroids do not markedly increase aggressive behaviors (Fudala et al. 2003; Pope et al. 2000; OConner 2002).
All links retrieved November 20, 2015.
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Testosterone - New World Encyclopedia
Elevated testosterone linked to ‘reckless’ financial trading, study … – CBC.ca
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It's no secret financial tradershave always beenpredominately male.
So, when a group of researchers with the Ivey Business School at Western University in London, Ont., set out toat look at the role of testosterone on the markets, it wasn't a far-flung idea.
"We wanted to simulate what happens when people are at elevated levels ... how would they trade with high testosterone," saidIveyassistant finance professorand researcher AmosNadlerin an interview with CBC Radio's London Morning.
For their "experimental market" study, researchers divided 140 men into two groups and let them do mock trading amongstthemselves. One group received a placebo treatment the other, a topical gel containing testosterone.
Amos Nadler is an assistant finance professor with the Ivey Business School at Western University. He was involved in the study on financial trading and testosterone. (Courtesy: Ivey School of Business, Western University)
The result? The testosterone-fuelled group was more reckless in its trading, willing to bid well above the value of a given commodity in hopes of a higher return. Researchers say the behaviour increased the odds of a market crash.
By comparison, the placebo group was trading more rationally, buying low to sell high, instead of buying high to sell higher.
"Your body produces more testosterone when you prepared for a challenge ... even more testosterone when you are winning," said Nadler.
When the financial crash hit Wall Street a decade ago, a funny thing happened. Male financial executives started turning to doctors for testosterone supplements in hopes it would boost their output and sharpen their faculties.
"All of these men are under tonnes of stress, and stress will reduce their levels of testosterone," said Manhattan-based Dr. LionelBissoonin a story in the Financial Times in 2012
Nadler said studies based on gender rather than the male hormone found that women also tend to keep a more level head in the high-adrenalin setting of a trading floor.
"Single males over-traded and lost the most money, while women tend to be more conservative and actually make more money than men," said Nadler
The Ivey study was done in collaboration with the University of Oxford and Claremont Graduate University in Claremont, Calif.
While it found that testosterone clearly played a role in more reckless trading and spending, Nadler cautions male traders aren't all bad.
"Being slightly more impulsive can be a good thing ... there are some results that showed the higher-testosterone guys made a bit more money than their counterparts," said Nadler.
"It can also be very harmful in some situations if you are being impulsive."
The research paper, titledThe Bull of Wall Street: Experimental Analysis of Testosterone and Asset Trading, will appear in an upcoming issue ofthe publication, Management Science.
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Elevated testosterone linked to 'reckless' financial trading, study ... - CBC.ca
Testosterone makes men more impulsive – The Economist
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India.com | Testosterone makes men more impulsive The Economist TESTOSTERONE is a hormone with a reputation. Though both sexes generate the stuff, that reputation is macho. Numerous experiments on non-human animals show that boosting testosterone levels boosts levels of aggression. And in most ... How testosterone can influence bull market trading Scientists confirm men are to blame for stock market crashes |
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Testosterone makes men more impulsive - The Economist
Older men with ‘low T’ can improve their sex lives with testosterone therapy, study says – Men’s Fitness
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We hate to say it, but low testosterone levels can have a slew of negative effects for older guys.
But even now there's a scientific tug-of-war over testosterone-replacement therapy. Sure, it sounds greatwhat guy doesn't want more of the "masculine hormone"?but risks of testosterone therapy can include the growth of pre-existing cancerous cells, testicular shrinkage, infertility, even heart attack or stroke, as one of our writers discovered.
The positives are just as extreme. Aside from increased strength and motivation, men can enjoy greater urinary health, better sexual function, and a higher quality of life, according to new research from Boston University Medical Center.
In the study, published in the Journal of Urology, researchersenrolled roughly 650 men in their 50s and 60s. Some of the men had unexplained testosterone deficiencies, while others suffered from genetic hypogonadism (when gonads fail to produce testosterone). About 360 men received testosterone therapy for eight years (the remaining didn't).
What's more, the men who underwent testosterone therapy enjoyed a significant bump in their urinary and sexual function (lower instance of erectile dysfunction, higher sex drive), as well as better quality of life (sunnier mood, higher confidence).
Another interesting detail: Two men in the treatment group died from causes unrelated to cardiovascular failure, while 21 in the non-treatment group died (19 deaths were cardiovascular-related). Those mortality rates suggested that testosterone therapy isn't necessarily linked to a greater instance of heart attack or stroke, the researchers suggested.
"It is thought that testosterone treatment in men may increase prostate size and worsen lower urinary tract symptoms," study author Abdulmaged Traish, Ph.D., said in a press release. Researchers discovered somemenhad larger prostates post-testosterone therapy, but they experienced fewer instances of frequent urination, incomplete bladder emptying, and waking at night to urinate.
"[Testosterone therapy] is well-tolerated with progressive and sustained improvement in urinary and sexual function, and overall improvement in quality of life," Traish added.
Something to think about if your testosterone takes a hit one day and you want to fight manopause head-on.
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Older men with 'low T' can improve their sex lives with testosterone therapy, study says - Men's Fitness
Elevated testosterone causes bull market trading – Medical Xpress – Medical Xpress
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Ball-and-stick model of the testosterone molecule, C19H28O2, as found in the crystal structure of testosterone monohydrate. Credit: Ben Mills/Wikipedia
Since the first stock market in Amsterdam in the 17th century, trading floors have been dominated by men. It turns out testosterone may be responsible for some of the dramatic bubbles and crashes we have seen since.
A study led by researchers from the Ivey Business School, University of Oxford, and Claremont Graduate University for the first time has shown that testosterone directly impacts financial decisions that drive prices up and destabilize markets.
"In this paper, we show that exogenously increasing testosterone in men increases bid prices and asset price bubbles, and slows the incorporation of fundamental value," says Ivey Business School's Amos Nadler, Assistant Professor of Finance. "We also show how the changes in buying and selling pressures give rise to bubbles and subsequent crashes. These results demonstrate the effects of a specific hormone, testosterone, on male traders in experimental markets."
Experimental stock markets
The study used experimental stock markets with some 140 male participants (called traders) taking part. Cohorts of traders were given testosterone or placebo gel prior to their trading sessions. In total, the experiment consisted of 17 sessions that allowed traders to buy, sell, bid, and offer money for shares of stock, similar to a simplified professional trading platform. Each session had three rounds of 12 trading periods where traders competed to make money against each other.
The results showed the causal effects of testosterone on financial asset mispricing. By administering testosterone to traders before they trade financial assets for real money, testosterone directly increases the size and persistence of stock market bubbles. Testosterone drove these changes in market dynamics by increasing bidding, selling prices, and volume and changed traders' perception of a stock's current value even though true values were known during trading.
Implications of hormones in financial markets
Nadler believes the research suggests the need to consider hormonal influences on decision making in professional settings because biological factors can exacerbate capital risk for firms and market risk for all participants.
"Firms may, therefore, benefit from a better understanding of when and how hormones assert their influencesuch as through exceptionally positive feedback cycles that are unsupported by fundamentals or technical indicators," says Nadler.
The most straightforward recommendation is to implement "cool down" periods to interrupt exceptionally positive feedback cycles and return the focus to assets' fundamental valuations to reduce the possibility of biased decision making.
Explore further: Behavioural implications of elevated levels of testosterone
More information: Nadler, Amos and Jiao, Peiran and Johnson, Cameron J. and Alexander, Veronika and Zak, Paul J., The Bull of Wall Street: Experimental Analysis of Testosterone and Asset Trading (April 27, 2017). Available at SSRN: ssrn.com/abstract=2557094
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Elevated testosterone causes bull market trading - Medical Xpress - Medical Xpress