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Testosterone(androgen) – WebMD
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Test Overview
A testosterone test checks the level of this male hormone (androgen) in the blood. Testosterone affects sexual features and development. In men, it is made in large amounts by the testicles . In both men and women, testosterone is made in small amounts by the adrenal glands , and in women, by the ovaries .
The pituitary gland controls the level of testosterone in the body. When the testosterone level is low, the pituitary gland releases a hormone called luteinizing hormone (LH). This hormone tells the testicles to make more testosterone.
Before puberty, the testosterone level in boys is normally low. Testosterone increases during puberty. This causes boys to develop a deeper voice, get bigger muscles, make sperm , and get facial and body hair. The level of testosterone is the highest around age 40, then gradually becomes less in older men.
In women, the ovaries account for half of the testosterone in the body. Women have a much smaller amount of testosterone in their bodies compared to men. But testosterone plays an important role throughout the body in both men and women. It affects the brain, bone and muscle mass, fat distribution, the vascular system, energy levels, genital tissues, and sexual functioning.
Most of the testosterone in the blood is bound to a protein called sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG). Testosterone that is not bound ("free" testosterone) may be checked if a man or a woman is having sexual problems. Free testosterone also may be tested for a person who has a condition that can change SHBG levels, such as hyperthyroidism or some types of kidney diseases.
Total testosterone levels vary throughout the day. They are usually highest in the morning and lowest in the evening.
A testosterone test is done to:
You do not need to do anything before you have this test. Your doctor may want you to do a morning blood test because testosterone levels are highest between 7 a.m. and 9 a.m.
The health professional taking a sample of blood will:
The blood sample is taken from a vein in your arm. An elastic band is wrapped around your upper arm. It may feel tight. You may feel nothing at all from the needle, or you may feel a quick sting or pinch.
There is very little chance of a problem from having a blood sample taken from a vein.
A testosterone test checks the level of this male hormone (androgen) in the blood.
The normal values listed here-called a reference range-are just a guide. These ranges vary from lab to lab, and your lab may have a different range for what's normal. Your lab report should contain the range your lab uses. Also, your doctor will evaluate your results based on your health and other factors. This means that a value that falls outside the normal values listed here may still be normal for you or your lab.
Your doctor will have your test results in a few days.
Men
270-1070 ng/dL (9-38 nmol/L)
Women
15-70 ng/dL (0.52-2.4 nmol/L)
Children (depends on sex and age at puberty)
2-20 ng/dL or 0.07-0.7 nmol/L
The testosterone level for a postmenopausal woman is about half the normal level for a healthy, nonpregnant woman. And a pregnant woman will have 3 to 4 times the amount of testosterone compared to a healthy, nonpregnant woman.
Men
50-210 pg/mL (174-729 pmol/L)
Women
Reasons you may not be able to have the test or why the results may not be helpful include:
To learn more, see:
Fischbach FT, Dunning MB III, eds. (2009). Manual of Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests, 8th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
Chernecky CC, Berger BJ (2008). Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic Procedures, 5th ed. St. Louis: Saunders.
Fischbach FT, Dunning MB III, eds. (2009). Manual of Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests, 8th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
Pagana KD, Pagana TJ (2010). Mosbys Manual of Diagnostic and Laboratory Tests, 4th ed. St. Louis: Mosby Elsevier.
ByHealthwise StaffPrimary Medical ReviewerE. Gregory Thompson, MD - Internal MedicineSpecialist Medical ReviewerAlan C. Dalkin, MD - Endocrinology
Current as ofNovember 20, 2015
WebMD Medical Reference from Healthwise
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Testosterone(androgen) - WebMD
How short-term increases in testosterone change men’s thinking style – The British Psychological Society
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In a guest post on our Research Digest blog, Emma Young looks at a new paper published in the journal Psychological Science.
Written bya team from Caltech, the University of Pennsylvania, Western University and the ZRT Laboratory in Oregon, it finds that a short-term rise in testosterone as might occur when in the presence of an attractive potential mateor during competition shifts the way men think. It encouragesthem to rely on quick, intuitive, and generally less accurate, judgements, rather than engaging in careful, more deliberate thought.
Our results demonstrate a clear and robust causal effect of testosterone on human cognition and decision making, the researchers write. The influence of testosterone on the Cognitive Reflection Test, alongside its lack of effect on the arithmetic control task, suggests that testosterone decreases the probability of engaging in slow and effortful cognitive processes but keeps the capacity to perform them intact."
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Testosterone Lawsuits Begin, Outcomes Split – LawyersandSettlements.com
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Chicago, ILThe makers of a testosterone supplement that only carries FDA approval for hypogonadism (severely depleted testosterone) but nonetheless has been heavily marketed to treat a largely manufactured disease, won their day in court at the end of last month when a jury in state court found in favor of AndroGel manufacturer AbbVie. The decision translates to a loss for the plaintiff, who alleged in his testosterone lawsuit that his heart attack was associated with his use of AndroGel.
Plaintiff James Couch became interested in advertisements for AndroGel as a response to so-called Low-T. The manufacturer claimed that depression and lethargy could be related to a drop in testosterone levels and that use of AndroGel could boost an individuals energy and foster a return to vitality. Couch alleged in his testosterone side effects lawsuit that there was no inference to the normal depletion of testosterone with age, and that use of testosterone supplements in otherwise healthy men carried a risk for testosterone heart attack.
The plaintiff went to his doctor and asked to have his testosterone levels checked out. Couch was provided with a prescription for AndroGel in February, 2013 and later that year suffered a heart attack, after which he received a defibrillator implant to help regulate his damaged heart.
Couch filed his testosterone lawsuit one of hundreds housed in state court in Illinois about six months following his heart attack, asserting that AbbVie knew about the increased risk for testosterone heart attack and testosterone stroke but withheld those risks from consumers, and declined to study the link. Couch made claims for strict liability, negligence, breach of implied warranty, negligent misrepresentation and willful and wanton conduct.
However, following a two-week trial the jury dismissed the plaintiffs claims and found in favor of the manufacturer. In their defense, AbbVie noted that Couch was seen to have refilled his prescription for AndroGel only once before he stopped using it altogether. He suffered his heart attack two months after stopping use of testosterone, according to Court documents.
Court records also showed that attorneys for the plaintiff were not allowed to present years of marketing materials which were alleged to reflect how AbbVie sought to expand the market for AndroGel.
That evidence was allowed in the first bellwether trial for AndroGel in federal court as part of multidistrict litigation. In that case, plaintiff Jess Mitchell claimed his heart attack was related to his use of AndroGel for Low-T and accused AbbVie of misrepresentation. He asserted that AbbVie claimed that testosterone replacement therapy was safe and effective, when in fact it was not.
The jury in the federal trial determined, at the end of July that use of AndroGel did not cause Mitchells heart attack and thus did not award compensatory damages. However, unlike the state trial the jury awarded $150 million in punitive damages on the misrepresentation claim.
The next federal trial in the AndroGel MDL is scheduled for this month (In re: Testosterone Replacement Therapy Products Liability Litigation, Case No.1:14-cv-01748, in the US District Court for the Northern District of Illinois). Ahead of the start of that trial and perhaps with a view to how the state trial turned out AbbVie has requested that marketing materials not be allowed as evidence in the second federal trial, as it was in the first.
The precise impact of that evidence was demonstrated in a verdict that found no compensable loss, but went on to award punitive damages that were tethered to nothing, AbbVie said of the Mitchell verdict (Mitchell et al. v. AbbVie Inc. et al., Case No.1:14-cv-09178, US District Court for the Northern District of Illinois).
As for the Couch trial, AbbVie had this to say in their motion: The impact of that ruling also is clear the trial was focused on the claims at issue and the jurys verdict was not overshadowed by an unconstitutional and collateral finding that AbbVie should be punished for conduct that had nothing to do with the plaintiff.
There are about 150 testosterone lawsuits in state court in Illinois, with the next lawsuit prepared but as yet without a start date. Couch plans to appeal the verdict in his state court trial.
The Couch testosterone lawsuit is Couch v. AbbVie Inc., Case No. 2014-L-005859, in the Circuit Court of Cook County, Illinois.
However, testosterone has never been approved for vanity use in men seeking a so-called fountain of youth and having found one in testosterone supplements. In otherwise healthy men, who may not be aware that testosterone levels ebb and flow with age and even according to the time of day, use of testosterone supplements can pose a risk to the cardiovascular system, or so it has been alleged. Research has suggested that testosterone supplements can multiply red blood cells, thickening the blood when patients are at an age when thinner blood is needed to travel through veins shrinking with age and plaque build-up. Testosterone heart attack or testosterone stroke can sometimes lead to testosterone death.
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Does propecia work in owmen – How long before propecia works – Testosterone replacement therapy and propecia – Twin Cities Arts Reader
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Adam Jacobs (Aladdin) and Isabelle McCalla (Jasmine) star in the national touring production of Aladdin. Photo by Deen van Meer.How many people does it take to put on a national tour of a Broadway show? If the show isAladdin, the answer is 75...if you only count the people who show
The Catalyst Quartet rehearsing.It was the first of August. Dr. Deborah Justice was settling in for a month of fiddling around musically speaking when the email arrived. "Im afraid I have some sad news from Caracas," it began. "Venezuela at this moment is now a war zone."At that
The late J. Otis Powell.Poet, playwright, and overall multi-talented artist J. Otis Powell died on Monday, August 28. Powell was 61 years' old, and had been awarded a Sally Ordway Irvine Award for Commitment just five days prior. He had struggled with ill health, and received a kidney transplant several
A bar chart showing historical box office totals for the Minnesota Fringe Festival.The Minnesota Fringe Festival announced the final statistics today for the 2017 Minnesota Fringe Festival. The 11-day festival brought in 46,076 butts-in-seats, spread across 860 performances of 167 shows at 17 venues in Minneapolis.Why Count Butts-in-Seats?Since 2016, the
The Ordway Center for the Performing Arts announced today the recipients of the 25th annual Sally Ordway Irvine Awards. These awards were given in five categories to recipients from across the State of Minnesota. This year's recipients are all based in the Twin Cities metro area: Hunter Gullickson (Arts Access)
Actors Gary Briggle (left) and Wendy Lehr (right). Photo by Keith Bridges.The playwright A.R. Gurney passed away two months ago. Many of the various eulogies and obituaries cited his 1988 playLove Letters, a tale of charmed correspondence that was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize.Love Letters encapsulated many of the themes
Lady Gaga rocked the Xcel Energy Center with her trademark costume-heavy, immersive performance. Here's the set list from the concert:Act I "Video Intro" "Diamond Heart" "A-Yo" "Poker Face" "Perfect Illusion"Act II "John Wayne" "Scheie" "Alejandro"Act III "Horns" "Just Dance" "LoveGame" "Telephone"Act IV "Claws" "Applause" "Come to Mama" "The Edge of
A mosaic of different graphs of Fringe Festival sold-out attendance data.It's been one week since the 2017 Minnesota Fringe Festival closed its doors and the Fringe staff are still tallying and double-checking festival data. While a fuller report on the festival box office is still forthcoming, here are six figures
Women dancing inArabian Nights.Photo by Dan Van Meer.The Orpheum Theatre is getting a magic lamp. Starting September 15, the Orpheum will host the Broadway touring production of Aladdin for three and a half weeks (closing October 8). This touring production stars Adam Jacobs, who originated the title role of Aladdin
Actress-musician-songwriter Claire Wellin. Photo by Tiffany Topol.This Friday, Claire Wellin is bringing her band Youth in a Roman Field to Icehouse in Minneapolis. Youth in a Roman Field's "ghost folk" sound emphasizes haunting strings, acoustic instruments, and multipart vocal writing. The MSU-Mankato graduate spoke with the Arts Reader'sBasil Considine about
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Testosterone | You and Your Hormones from the Society for …
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Alternative names for testosterone
Testo (brand name for testosterone formulations); 4-androsten-17-ol-3-one
Testosterone is produced by the gonads (by the Leydig cells in testes in men and by the ovaries in women), although small quantities are also produced by the adrenal glands in both sexes.It is an androgen, meaning that it stimulates the development of male characteristics.
Present in much greater levels in men than women, testosterone initiates the development of the male internal and external reproductive organs during foetal development and is essential for the production of sperm in adult life.This hormone also signals the body to make new blood cells, ensures that muscles and bones stay strong during and after puberty and enhances libido both in men and women.Testosterone is linked to many of the changes seen in boys during puberty (including an increase in height, body and pubic hair growth, enlargement of the penis, testes and prostate gland, and changes in sexual and aggressive behaviour).It also regulates the secretion of luteinising hormone and follicle stimulating hormone.To effect these changes, testosterone is often converted into another androgen called dihydrotestosterone.
In women, testosterone is produced by the ovaries and adrenal glands.The majority of testosterone produced in the ovary is converted to the principle female sex hormone, oestradiol.
The regulation of testosterone production is tightly controlled to maintain normal levels in blood, although levels are usually highest in the morning and fall after that.The hypothalamus and the pituitary gland are important in controlling the amount of testosterone produced by the testes.In response to gonadotrophin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland produces luteinising hormone which travels in the bloodstream to the gonads and stimulates the production and release of testosterone.
As blood levels of testosterone increase, this feeds back to suppress the production of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus which, in turn, suppresses production of luteinising hormone by the pituitary gland. Levels of testosterone begin to fall as a result, so negative feedback decreases and the hypothalamus resumes secretion of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone.
The effect excess testosterone has on the body depends on both age and sex. It is unlikely that adult men will develop a disorder in which they produce too much testosterone and it is often difficult to spot that an adult male has too much testosterone.More obviously, young children with too much testosterone may enter a false growth spurt and show signs of early puberty and young girls may experience abnormal changes to their genitalia. In both males and females, too much testosterone can lead to precocious puberty and result in infertility.
In women, high blood levels of testosterone may also be an indicator of polycystic ovary syndrome.Women with this condition may notice increased acne, body and facial hair (called hirsutism), balding at the front of the hairline, increased muscle bulk and a deepening voice.
There are also several conditions that cause the body to produce too much testosterone.These include androgen resistance, congenital adrenal hyperplasia and ovarian cancer.
The use of anabolic steroids (manufactured androgenic hormones) can lead to a perceived high level of testosterone by the hypothalamus, resulting in reduced luteinising hormone secretion from the pituitary gland and, in turn, a decrease in the amount of testosterone produced within the testes, while artificial testosterone levels remain high. In men, prolonged exposure to anabolic steroids results in infertility, a decreased sex drive, shrinking of the testes and breast development. Liver damage may result from its prolonged attempts to detoxify the anabolic steroids.Behavioural changes (such as increased irritability) may also be observed.Undesirable reactions also occur in women who take anabolic steroids regularly, as a high concentration of testosterone, either natural or manufactured, can cause masculinisation (virilisation) of women.
If testosterone deficiency occurs during foetal development, then masculinisation of the foetus will fail to occur normally and this may give rise to disorders of sex development. If testosterone deficiency occurs during puberty, a boys growth may slow and no growth spurt will be seen.The child may also fail to develop full sexual characteristics (hypogonadism) associated with men undergoing puberty, including development of pubic hair, growth of the penis and testes and deepening of the voice. Around the time of puberty, boys with too little testosterone may also have less than normal strength and endurance, and their arms and legs may continue to grow out of proportion with the rest of their body.
In adult men, low testosterone may lead to a reduction in muscle bulk, loss of body hair and a wrinkled parchment-like appearance of the skin. Testosterone levels in men decline naturally as they age. In the media, this is sometimes referred to as the male menopause (andropause).
Low testosterone levels can cause mood disturbances, increased body fat, loss of muscle tone, inadequate erections and poor sexual performance, osteoporosis, difficulty with concentration, memory loss and sleep difficulties. Current research suggests that this effect occurs in only a small group of ageing men.However, there is a lot of research currently in progress to find out more about the effects of testosterone in older men and also whether the use of testosterone replacement therapy would have any benefits.
Last reviewed: Jan 2015
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Testosterone replacement therapy associated with improved urinary, sexual function – ProHealth
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Reprinted with the kind permission of Life Extension.
August 23 2017.An article appearing on July 18, 2017 in theJournal of Urologydocuments improvements in sexual function, urinary function and quality of life among men who receivedtestosterone replacement therapy.
The prospective registry study involved 656 men with low testosterone levels and symptoms of testosterone deficiency, among whom 360 were regularly treated with parenteral testosterone undecanoate for up to 10 years. The remainder of the subjects, who chose not to be treated with testosterone, received biannual routine clinic visits.
The researchers, from Boston University School of Medicine and School of Public Health in collaboration with German urologists, found that men who received testosterone therapy experienced significant decreases in their International Prostate Symptom Score, post-voiding bladder volume and Aging Males Symptoms scale, which assesses health-related quality of life. The percentage of patients without erectile dysfunction significantly improved in the testosterone treated group, from 17.1% at the beginning of the study, to 74.4% of the study at the last visit. In contrast, subjects who did not receive the hormone experienced deterioration in erectile function as well as in voiding functions. Prostate specific antigen (PSA), a marker which, when elevated, is associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer, remained unchanged in both groups over the course of the study.
While there were five deaths, 8 nonfatal strokes and 8 nonfatal heart attacks over the 8-month median follow-up period in the untreated group, none of these events occurred among those who received testosterone.
Long-term testosterone therapy, in men with testosterone deficiency, was well tolerated with excellent adherence suggesting a high level of patient satisfaction, authors Karim Sultan Haider and colleagues conclude. A progressive and sustained improvement in urinary and sexual function was recorded in men receiving long-term testosterone therapy, contributing to overall improvement in quality of life.
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Testosterone replacement therapy associated with improved urinary, sexual function - ProHealth
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Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market Global Insights and … – E News Access (press release)
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Global Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market Research Report 2017 to 2022 provides a unique tool for evaluating the market, highlighting opportunities, and supporting strategic and tactical decision-making. This report recognizes that in this rapidly-evolving and competitive environment, up-to-date marketing information is essential to monitor performance and make critical decisions for growth and profitability. It provides information on trends and developments, and focuses on markets and materials, capacities and technologies, and on the changing structure of the Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market.
Companies Mentioned are AbbVie, Pfizer, Eli Lilly, Teva Pharmaceuticals, Mylan, Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Antares Pharma, Ferring Pharmaceuticals, Allergan, Antares Pharma, Sandoz, Clarus Therapeutics, Juniper Pharmaceuticals, Endo International, Acerus Pharmaceuticals, Forendo Pharma, MetP Pharma, Repros Therapeutics
The Global Testosterone Replacement Therapy market consists of different international, regional, and local vendors. The market competition is foreseen to grow higher with the rise in technological innovation and M&A activities in the future. Moreover, many local and regional vendors are offering specific application products for varied end-users. The new vendor entrants in the market are finding it hard to compete with the international vendors based on quality, reliability, and innovations in technology.
This report segments the Global Testosterone Replacement Therapy market on the basis of types, Gels, Injectables, Patches, Other On the basis of application, the Global Testosterone Replacement Therapy market is segmented into Hospitals, Clinics, Other
Browse full report at: https://www.marketinsightsreports.com/reports/090117112/global-testosterone-replacement-therapy-market-professional-survey-report-2017
This independent 112 page report guarantees you will remain better informed than your competition. With over 165 tables and figures examining the Testosterone Replacement Therapy market, the report gives you a visual, one-stop breakdown of the leading products, submarkets and market leaders market revenue forecasts as well as analysis to 2022.
Geographically, this report is segmented into several key Regions, with production, consumption, revenue (million USD), and market share and growth rate of Testosterone Replacement Therapy in these regions, from 2012 to 2022 (forecast), covering Global, Europe, Japan, China, India , Southeast Asia, Other.
The report provides a basic overview of the Testosterone Replacement Therapy industry including definitions, classifications, applications and industry chain structure. And development policies and plans are discussed as well as manufacturing processes and cost structures.
Then, the report focuses on Global major leading industry players with information such as company profiles, product picture and specifications, sales, market share and contact information. Whats more, the Testosterone Replacement Therapy industry development trends and marketing channels are analyzed.
The research includes historic data from 2012 to 2016 and forecasts until 2022 which makes the reports an invaluable resource for industry executives, marketing, sales and product managers, consultants, analysts, and other people looking for key industry data in readily accessible documents with clearly presented tables and graphs. The report will make detailed analysis mainly on above questions and in-depth research on the development environment, market size, development trend, operation situation and future development trend of Testosterone Replacement Therapy on the basis of stating current situation of the industry in 2017 so as to make comprehensive organization and judgment on the competition situation and development trend of Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market and assist manufacturers and investment organization to better grasp the development course of Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market.
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The study was conducted using an objective combination of primary and secondary information including inputs from key participants in the industry. The report contains a comprehensive market and vendor landscape in addition to a SWOT analysis of the key vendors.
There are 15 Chapters to deeply display the Global Testosterone Replacement Therapy market.
Chapter 1, to describe Testosterone Replacement Therapy Introduction, product scope, market overview, market opportunities, market risk, market driving force;
Chapter 2, to analyze the top manufacturers of Testosterone Replacement Therapy, with sales, revenue, and price of Testosterone Replacement Therapy, in 2016 and 2017;
Chapter 3, to display the competitive situation among the top manufacturers, with sales, revenue and market share in 2016and 2017;
Chapter 4, to show the Global market by regions, with sales, revenue and market share of Testosterone Replacement Therapy, for each region, from 2012to 2017;
Chapter 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, to analyze the key regions, with sales, revenue and market share by key countries in these regions;
Chapter 10 and 11, to show the market by type and application, with sales market share and growth rate by type, application, from 2012 to 2017;
Chapter 12, Testosterone Replacement Therapy market forecast, by regions, type and application, with sales and revenue, from 2017to 2022;
Chapter 13, 14 and 15, to describe Testosterone Replacement Therapy sales channel, distributors, traders, dealers, Research Findings and Conclusion, appendix and data source.
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Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market Global Insights and ... - E News Access (press release)
Dr. Roach: Testosterone replacement can affect sex drive, osteoporosis – LubbockOnline.com
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Dear Dr. Roach: I am a 67-year-old male in fair to good health (more good than fair, really). In a recent column, you mentioned that a good testosterone level for a man taking a replacement would be between 500-600 ng/dl.
In November, I was tested for my testosterone level. At the time, I was (and still am) suffering from a low sex drive and erectile dysfunction. My level was 290 ng/dl. The reference range my primary care doctor bases his judgment on has an acceptable range from 193-950 ng/dl; hence he said my level was low normal.
When looking at the symptoms of low testosterone, I noted that I have at least four symptoms: low sex drive, ED (for which I have already been treated with a prosthetic implant), loss of body hair (especially my legs) and, most notably, osteoporosis (for which I take alendronate sodium, 70 mg weekly). I was diagnosed in November.
I also am being treated for depression and anxiety disorder, and have been since 2001. I dont know if this is related to my testosterone level.
Should I talk to my doctor about the disparity Ive found in reference ranges? Should I be seeking treatment for the low testosterone? J.P.P.
Answer: I think you definitely should speak to your primary care physician. You also might benefit from a discussion with a urologist or endocrinologist with experience in treating men with testosterone replacement.
When we look at normal testosterone levels by age, we find that older men have lower normal levels; however, given your symptoms and result, I certainly would think a trial of testosterone would be appropriate. I must say that I am surprised that you had an implant placed without a trial of testosterone first. I also am surprised you were treated for osteoporosis without a trial of testosterone replacement, which has been shown to improve bone density in men with low testosterone levels (one study treated men with a testosterone level below 350; another if they were below 320). Low libido and erectile dysfunction both frequently respond to testosterone replacement: Some men get benefit in their mood as well. You sound to me like an excellent candidate for testosterone replacement.
Dr. Roach writes: A recent column from a man asking for alternatives to coronary bypass surgery generated many letters with the same question: Why not advise a change in diet as an alternative to surgery?
There are two reasons. The first is that its not an alternative to surgery: Its a medical recommendation that should be made for every person with diagnosed coronary disease. Nearly all people can improve their diet. While a vegan diet was the most common recommendation I received, it still is not clear that a vegan diet is most likely to reduce coronary disease. In the vast literature on diet, there are only a few well-done studies that show a benefit. The clearest benefit has been from the Mediterranean diet, but a very-low-fat, plant-based diet, in combination with stress reduction and smoking cessation, has been shown to help reverse coronary lesions.
The second reason is that if someone needs the arteries in his or her heart reopened, the changes in diet are not likely to reverse blockages in the time needed to prevent a heart attack.
Healthy diet changes are appropriate for all people with heart blockages, but inadequate by themselves in the short term, in people with symptoms of angina and serious blockages.
^
Dr. Keith Roach is a syndicated columnist with North America Syndicate Inc., P.O. Box 536475, Orlando, FL 32853-6475.
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