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When it comes to surviving critical cases of COVID-19, it appears that men draw the short straw.

Initial reports from China revealed the early evidence of increased male mortality associated with COVID. According to the Global Health 50/50 research initiative, nearly every country is now reporting significantly higher COVID-19-related mortality rates in males than in females as of June 4. Yet, current data suggest similar infection rates for men and women. In other words, while men and women are being infected with COVID-19 at similar rates, a significantly higher proportion of men succumb to the disease than women, across groups of similar age. Why is it then that more men are dying from COVID-19? Or rather, should we be asking why are more women surviving?

I am an immunologist, and I explore how stress and biological sex can impact a persons vulnerability to immune-mediated disease. I study a specific immune cell called the mast cell. Mast cells play a pivotal role in our immune systems as they act as first responders to pathogens and orchestrate immune responses that help clear the invading pathogens.

Mast cells from females are able to initiate a more active immune response, research finds.

Image: BMC

Our research shows that mast cells from females are able to initiate a more active immune response, which may help females fight off infectious diseases better than men. But the trade-off may be that women are at higher risk for allergic and inflammatory diseases. Recent evidence indicates that mast cells are activated by SARS-CoV-2 which causes COVID-19.

Some clues to why females have higher survival rates may be found in our current understanding of differences in the immune systems of men versus women.

Could sex differences in immune system play a role?

In general, females have a more robust immune response than men which may help females fight off infections better than males. This could be a result of genetic factors or sex hormones such as estrogen and testosterone.

Biological females have two copies of the X chromosome, which contains more immune genes. While the genes on one X chromosome are mostly inactive, some immune genes can escape this inactivation, leading to double the number of immune-related genes and thus double the quantity of certain immune proteins compared with biological men who have only one X chromosome.

Sex hormones such as estrogen and testosterone can also impact the immune response. In one study, researchers showed that activating the estrogen receptor in female mice provided them protection against SARS-CoV. And there is an approved clinical trial that will examine the effects of estrogen patches on the severity of COVID-19 symptoms.

It is, however, interesting that the current data showing that women have better survival rates than men applies to even men and women in the 80-plus age group, when hormone levels in both sexes equalize. This suggests that factors other than adult sex hormone levels are contributing to sex differences in COVID-19 mortality.

Androgens, a group of hormones - including testosterone - that are best known to stimulate the development of male characteristics and can cause hair loss, have also received recent attention as a risk factor for COVID-19 in males. In a study conducted in Italy, prostate cancer diagnosis increased the risk for COVID-19. However, prostate cancer patients who were receiving androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT), a treatment that suppresses the production of androgens which fuels prostate cancer cell growth, had a significantly lower risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection. This suggests that blocking androgens in men was protective against SARS-CoV-2 infection.

It is unknown how ADT works to reduce infection rates in men and whether this has been shown in other countries has yet to be determined. Testosterone, which is an androgen hormone has immune-suppressive effects so one explanation could be that ADT might boost the immune system to combat SARS-CoV-2 infection.

There is also evidence that males and females have different quantities of certain receptors that recognize pathogens or that serve as an invasion point for viruses like SARS-CoV-2. One example is the quantity of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors, which SARS-CoV-2 binds to in order to infect cells. While there is currently no conclusive evidence for a role of ACE2 receptors impacting sex differences and the severity of COVID-19 disease, it remains a potential contributing factor.

Gender, sex and COVID-19 risk

A number of factors can interact with biological sex to increase or decrease ones susceptibility to COVID-19. Another major factor is gender, which refers to social behaviors or cultural norms that society deems appropriate. Males may be at increased risk for severe disease, because in general, they tend to smoke and drink more, wash their hands less frequently and often delay seeking medical attention. All of these gender specific behaviors may put men at higher risk. While there is no current data yet on how gender plays a role in COVID-19, it will be a critically important factor to account for in order to understand sex differences in mortality.

Age, psychological stress level, coexisting conditions such as obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease can also interact with biological sex to increase disease.

While COVID-19 highlights the importance of biological sex in disease risk, sex biases in disease in general is not a new concept. COVID-19 is just another example of a disease that will be added to the growing list of diseases for which males or females are at increased risk.

A history of male-biased research

You might be wondering that if biological sex is so important, then why dont we know what is causing disparities in disease prevalence between the sexes and why are there no sex-specific therapies?

One major reason is when it comes to being included in scientific research, it is mostly males who have been studied.

This disparity between biological sex differences in research has only recently been remedied. It has only been in the last five years that the National Institutes of Health has required sex difference data to be collected for all newly funded preclinical research grants.

While there may be several reasons for choosing one sex over the other in research, the huge disparity that now exists is likely a major reason why we still know relatively little about sex differences in immunity, including the current COVID-19 pandemic.

This has clearly hindered advancement of womens health, but also has negative consequences for mens health. For example, given the biological differences between the sexes, it is very possible that drugs and therapies will have different effects in females than males.

Biological sex is clearly a major factor determining disease outcomes in COVID-19. Precisely how your biological sex makes you more or less resilient to diseases such as COVID-19 remains to be elucidated. Future basic research with animals and clinical trials in people need to consider biological sex as well as interactions with gender as an important variable.

License and Republishing

World Economic Forum articles may be republished in accordance with our Terms of Use.

Written by

Adam Moeser, Professor of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University

This article is published in collaboration with The Conversation.

The views expressed in this article are those of the author alone and not the World Economic Forum.

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Is this why COVID-19 is more fatal in men than women? - World Economic Forum

The global Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market is carefully researched in the report while largely concentrating on top players and their business tactics, geographical expansion, market segments, competitive landscape, manufacturing, and pricing and cost structures. Each section of the research study is specially prepared to explore key aspects of the global Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market. For instance, the market dynamics section digs deep into the drivers, restraints, trends, and opportunities of the global Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market. With qualitative and quantitative analysis, we help you with thorough and comprehensive research on the global Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market. We have also focused on SWOT, PESTLE, and Porters Five Forces analyses of the global Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market.

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Final Testosterone Replacement Therapy Report will add the analysis of the impact of COVID-19 on this Market.

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Major Players:

Endo InternationalAbbVieEli lillyPfizerActavis (Allergan)BayerNovartisTevaMylanUpsher-SmithFerring PharmaceuticalsKyowa KirinAcerus Pharmaceuticals

Segmentation by Product:

GelsInjectionsPatchesOthers

Segmentation by Application:

HospitalsClinicsOthers

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the Global Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market is estimated to reach xxx million USD in 2020 and projected to grow at the CAGR of xx% during the 2021-2026. The report analyses the global Testosterone Replacement Therapy market, the market size and growth, as well as the major market participants.

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Table of Contents

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Market Share by Manufacturers:Here, the report provides details about revenue by manufacturers, production and capacity by manufacturers, price by manufacturers, expansion plans, mergers and acquisitions, and products, market entry dates, distribution, and market areas of key manufacturers.

Market Size by Type:This section concentrates on product type segments where production value market share, price, and production market share by product type are discussed.

Market Size by Application:Besides an overview of the global Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market by application, it gives a study on the consumption in the global Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market by application.

Production by Region:Here, the production value growth rate, production growth rate, import and export, and key players of each regional market are provided.

Consumption by Region:This section provides information on the consumption in each regional market studied in the report. The consumption is discussed on the basis of country, application, and product type.

Company Profiles:Almost all leading players of the global Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market are profiled in this section. The analysts have provided information about their recent developments in the global Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market, products, revenue, production, business, and company.

Market Forecast by Production:The production and production value forecasts included in this section are for the global Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market as well as for key regional markets.

Market Forecast by Consumption:The consumption and consumption value forecasts included in this section are for the global Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market as well as for key regional markets.

Value Chain and Sales Analysis:It deeply analyzes customers, distributors, sales channels, and value chain of the global Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market.

Key Findings: This section gives a quick look at important findings of the research study.

Our industry professionals are working reluctantly to understand, assemble and timely deliver assessment on impact of COVID-19 disaster on many corporations and their clients to help them in taking excellent business decisions. We acknowledge everyone who is doing their part in this financial and healthcare crisis.

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Trending News 2020 Covid-19 impact on Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market Growth Forecast by Type -2025|Pfizer,Actavis...

Speaking as a child of the 90s who grew up white in the Deep South before moving to Kentucky in middle school, whose parents went to great effort to try to raise him right but didnt talk much about symbols and race, I cannot relate to people who have strong feelings that Pepsis dissolution of the Aunt Jemima brand is important and necessary.

Fact is, I used Aunt Jemima syrup on my French toast just Tuesday morning and didnt think much about it. And the 2020 version of that brand is pretty tame, even though an examination of its past might draw a cringe.

But, as we have tried to communicate on both the opinion page and in the sports section in recent weeks, part of the reckoning we are going through as a country is the realization we should listen more closely to what other people tell us about their own experiences.

That doesnt mean we should co-opt their views as our own, necessarily, but assuming we all grasp that we can and should do better in race relations than we are now its important that we understand what our own experiential blind spots are and work harder to understand why other people think and feel the way they do.

Which brings me to something that happened 10 years ago that bothered me at the time, but which admittedly I hadnt thought much about since then until I woke up Wednesday to the news that Aunt Jemima is on her way out.

Feb. 26, 2010. East Jessamine High School, Nicholasville, Kentucky. Its the 46th District Tournament boys basketball championship game matching Mercer County and West Jessamine. Its one of the first games I ever covered for a real newspaper, as an (unpaid) stringer for the Advocate-Messenger of Danville.

The Titans lead a tightly contested game into the final seconds until some guy named Jarrod Polson ties it to force overtime, and the Colts go on to win. Polsons heroics that postseason help cement his spot on the University of Kentuckys basketball team.

Wait. Were getting ahead of ourselves.

At some point during regulation, an older female relative of an African American Mercer County star gets upset about something that happened on the floor. A call or a no-call, in all likelihood that particular detail is a little fuzzy. Anyway, sitting on the opposite side of the floor from the benches, and the West Jessamine student section, she makes her displeasure known to those around her.

Having spotted and heard this across the way, some of the Colt Crazies to be clear, it wasnt the entire section quickly chanted, Aunt Je-mi-ma!, followed by the five rhythmic claps that often accompany four-syllable chants.

This doesnt go on long whether its because the kids realize that is either offensive or very close to it, because of the profane gesture their chant is met with from across the floor, or both.

(Full disclosure West Jessamine is my alma mater, and yeah, seeing people from my school act like that bothered me.)

Most people would agree that an entire school, community, race or society shouldnt be judged by the actions of a few, particularly teenagers and particularly in the high-testosterone setting of a student section during a postseason basketball game.

But, upon reflection about all of this, I was reminded of something Jason Strader said a couple of weeks ago in a conversation in his dining room that evolved into the open letter he and wife Jane wrote in our paper on June 6. He recalled a time he was coaching and heard a much worse slur than Aunt Jemima (you know the one).

It just brings you back to that point of, This is how they see you, Strader said.

That is the point here: that upon seeing a black woman express herself vocally, these kids minds immediately went to a caricature of a black woman, and they felt comfortable throwing that in her face.

It doesnt mean those kids (by now grown adults), deep down, are racist. It doesnt mean we should sanitize all references to specific races, genders and religions from our society. Quite the opposite.

It does mean we should take care that the references and symbols we use are respectful.

And that will require learning from a past that, due to ill intent or ignorance, too often wasnt respectful. And it will require listening to people whom these things affect more deeply than they affect ourselves.

After all, lets be real what does it cost me for Aunt Jemima to change its branding? Only the $2.44 we paid for the bottle of syrup in the first place.

Reach ZACK KLEMME at zklemme@dailyindependent.com or (606) 326-2658. Follow @zklemmeADI on Twitter.

We are making critical coverage of the coronavirus available for free. Please consider subscribing so we can continue to bring you the latest news and information on this developing story.

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ZACK KLEMME: Why sugarcoat it? We need to listen - The Independent

COVID-19 Impact Analysis of Testosterone Propionates Market

[Los Angeles], [United States], June 2020, The Testosterone Propionates Market research report includes an in-sight study of the key [Global Testosterone Propionates Market Insights and Forecast to 2026] market prominent players along with the company profiles and planning adopted by them. This helps the buyer of the Testosterone Propionates report to gain a clear view of the competitive landscape and accordingly plan Testosterone Propionates market strategies. An isolated section with top key players is provided in the report, which provides a complete analysis of price, gross, revenue(Mn), Testosterone Propionates specifications, and company profiles. The Testosterone Propionates study is segmented by Module Type, Test Type, And Region.

The market size section gives the Testosterone Propionates market revenue, covering both the historic growth of the market and the forecasting of the future. Moreover, the report covers a host of company profiles, who are making a mark in the industry or have the potential to do so. The profiling of the players includes their market size, key product launches, information regarding the strategies they employ, and others. The report identifies the total market sales generated by a particular firm over a period of time. Industry experts calculate share by taking into account the product sales over a period and then dividing it by the overall sales of the Testosterone Propionates industry over a defined period.

Download Full PDF Sample Copy of Report: https://www.qyresearch.com/sample-form/form/1837457/global-testosterone-propionates-market

Key Manufacturers of Testosterone Propionates Market include: Crystal Pharma, Huvepharma, CRZP, Xianju Pharma, Huazhong Pharmaceutical, Taj Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Naari, Kunlun International Development Testosterone Propionates

The research covers the current market size of the [Global Testosterone Propionates Market Insights and Forecast to 2026]and its growth rates based on 5 year history data. It also covers various types of segmentation such as by geography North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific etc.,. The in-depth information by segments of Testosterone Propionatesmarket helps monitor performance & make critical decisions for growth and profitability. It provides information on trends and developments, focuses on markets and materials, capacities, technologies, CAPEX cycle and the changing structure of the [Global Testosterone Propionates Market Insights and Forecast to 2026].

This study also contains company profiling, product picture and specifications, sales, market share and contact information of various international, regional, and local vendors of [Global Testosterone Propionates Market Insights and Forecast to 2026]. The market competition is constantly growing higher with the rise in technological innovation and M&A activities in the industry. Moreover, many local and regional vendors are offering specific application products for varied end-users. The new vendor entrants in the market are finding it hard to compete with the international vendors based on quality, reliability, and innovations in technology.

Read Detailed Index of full Research Study: https://www.qyresearch.com/index/detail/1837457/global-testosterone-propionates-market

Geographically,this report is segmented into several key Regions, with production, consumption, revenue (million USD), and market share and growth rate of Testosterone Propionatesin these regions, from 2012 to 2022 (forecast), covering

Please Check below Chapters to display the [Global Testosterone Propionates Market Insights and Forecast to 2026].

There are 15 Chapters to display the [Global Testosterone Propionates Market Insights and Forecast to 2026].

Request for customization in Report and get it within 24 hours in your inbox: https://www.qyresearch.com/customize-request/form/1837457/global-testosterone-propionates-market

Table of Contents:

Chapter 1, to describe Definition, Specifications and Classification of Testosterone Propionates, Applications of Testosterone Propionates, Market Segment by Regions;

Chapter 2, To analyse the Manufacturing Cost Structure, Raw Material and Suppliers, Manufacturing Process, Industry Chain Structure;

Chapter 3, to display the Technical Data and Manufacturing Plants Analysis of Testosterone Propionates, Capacity and Commercial Production Date, Manufacturing Plants Distribution, R&D Status and Technology Source, Raw Materials Sources Analysis;

Chapter 4, to show the Overall Market Analysis, Capacity Analysis (Crystal Pharma, Huvepharma, CRZP, Xianju Pharma, Huazhong Pharmaceutical, Taj Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Naari, Kunlun International Development Testosterone Propionates), Sales Analysis (Crystal Pharma, Huvepharma, CRZP, Xianju Pharma, Huazhong Pharmaceutical, Taj Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Naari, Kunlun International Development Testosterone Propionates), Sales Price Analysis (Crystal Pharma, Huvepharma, CRZP, Xianju Pharma, Huazhong Pharmaceutical, Taj Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Naari, Kunlun International Development Testosterone Propionates);

Chapter 5 and 6, to show the Regional Market Analysis that includes North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific etc., Testosterone Propionates Segment Market Analysis;

Chapter 7 and 8, to analyse the Testosterone Propionates Segment Market Analysis Major Manufacturers Analysis of Testosterone Propionates;

Chapter 9, Market Trend Analysis, Regional Market Trend, Market Trend by Product Type, Market Trend;

Chapter 10, Regional Marketing Type Analysis, International Trade Type Analysis, Supply Chain Analysis;

Chapter 11, to analyse the Consumers Analysis of Testosterone Propionates;

Chapter 12, to describe Testosterone Propionates Research Findings and Conclusion, Appendix, methodology and data source;

Chapter 13, 14 and 15, to describe Testosterone Propionates sales channel, distributors, traders, dealers, Research Findings and Conclusion, appendix and data source.

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Global Testosterone Propionates Market 2020 Business Outlook with COVID-19 Scenario Analysis and Forecast 2026 - Cole of Duty

by: Dr. Mary Gillis, D.Ed.

Posted: Jun 15, 2020 / 08:00 PM EST / Updated: Jun 15, 2020 / 08:00 PM EST

INDIANAPOLIS (WISH) A new study is suggesting men are more likely to die from COVID-19, and testosterone levels could be a contributing factor.

The study, published in Early Human Development, examined the association between testosterone levels and coronavirus fatalities in over 100,000 males worldwide. Researchers were interested in prenatal testosterone levels, which are indirectly measured by the ratio of a males ring finger to index finger.

The scientists found lower levels of the hormone may put males at greater risk.

A low ratio of ring finger to index finger is associated with high prenatal testosterone. Meanwhile, a high ration of ring finger to index finger is associated with low prenatal levels.

The findings showed an association between low prenatal testosterone levels and a higher severity of COVID-19 infection and death among males.

Researchers said using testosterone levels as biomarkers could help identify males more susceptible to the coronavirus, and those who should take extra precautions to avoid contracting the virus.

Authors of the report also suspect the structural features of testosterone may facilitate the virus entry into the body and boost the virus ability to attack the cells. Scientists said this part of the study needs to be looked at more.

With updated information from the Indiana Department of Health on June 12, this timeline reflects updated tallies of deaths and positive tests prior to that date.

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Men with lower levels of testosterone more likely to die from COVID-19, researchers say - WISHTV.com

A novel lymphatically delivered oral testosterone undecanoate (Tlando) is a fixed-dose, well-tolerated, and effective treatment for hypogonadism with liver health benefits that clearly differentiate it from the potentially hepatotoxic oral methyltestosterone, reported Irwin Goldstein, MD, at the American Urological Association 2020 Virtual Experience.

This innovative product has exciting, paradigm-shifting potential for treating men with low testosterone, said Goldstein, director of Sexual Medicine at Alvarado Hospital in San Diego, California, and clinical professor of surgery at the University of California San Diego.

It offers the opportunity to provide safe, effective, and well-tolerated testosterone replacement through the oral route that is the generally preferred method for medication administration. In addition, available data indicate that it not only avoids the adverse hepatic effects that have historically limited use of oral testosterone, but it improves markers of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease [NAFLD] that is a serious and prevalent condition. Low testosterone (ie, hypogonadism) is common in males with NAFLD.

Methyltestosterone is prone to cause liver toxicity with oral ingestion because it is directly transported to the liver through the portal vein, Goldstein said. In contrast, the lymphatically delivered oral testosterone undecanoate is a nonmethylated prodrug of endogenous testosterone, found in Tlando, that avoids first-pass metabolism in the liver and enters the systemic circulation via the lymphatics.

The safety and efficacy of Tlando for treating men with low testosterone was investigated in the 1-year SOAR trial that included 210 men who received the investigational product and a control group of 105 patients treated with topical testosterone gel.

Results from SOAR showed that the oral testosterone undecanoate was associated with a significantly greater increase in free testosterone levels compared with the topical product, and it improved key mental and sexual domains, reported Goldstein, who was an investigator in SOAR and an earlier dosing study.

Safety data in the study included measurement of liver enzymes and showed that reductions were consistently achieved in alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and -glutamyl transferase among men who had elevated levels of those markers of liver injury at baseline. Rates of normalization for those 4 enzymes ranged from 31% for -glutamyl transferase to 67% for alkaline phosphatase.

40% reduction in liver fat at 4 months

Additional data on the liver effects of the novel testosterone undecanoate product were obtained in a smaller separate trial of men with hypogonadism. Using the objective Magnetic Resonance Imaging Proton Density Fat Fraction technique to measure liver fat percentage, it found that after 4 months, men with NAFLD at baseline achieved an approximately 40% reduction in liver fat. In addition, more than 75% of men who entered the study with NAFLD were considered responders to the oral testosterone undecanoate based on achieving a 30% or greater reduction in the percentage of liver fat.

In addition, the percentage of patients categorized as NAFLD-free rose during the study and nearly doubled by its conclusion, increasing from 34% at baseline to reach 63% at 16 weeks.

Interestingly, the higher the baseline body mass index, the greater the reduction in liver fat achieved with Tlando treatment, and it appears that the improvement in liver fat does not appear to be explained by any decrease in body weight, Goldstein said.

Disclosures: Lipocine Inc provided funding for the study. Goldstein is on the consultant/advisory board of Lipocine Inc, does research for AbbVie Inc and Marius Pharmaceuticals LLC, is on the Clarus Therapeutics, Inc speakers bureau, and receives writing support from Endo International.

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Novel oral testosterone therapy shows liver health benefits - Urology Times

LOS ANGELES, June 15, 2020 /PRNewswire/ --The health services economy is witnessingthe flow of over a trillion dollars every year. In a booming industry that is growing at a steep rate, companies are scrambling to get ahead of the game. By providing more cutting-edge technology, client-friendly atmospheres, and competitive prices, medical practices are working every angle to climb to the top. In our modern society, customers crave new experiences and constant upgrades to their care. An up-and-coming brand,Regenicsis here to provide just that.

Regenics is a rising wellness center with its business centered around hormone balancing and regenerative health. Regenicshas broken into the health industry with a full-spectrum approach to supplementary care. Offering meal and fitness planning, BMI testing, IV therapy, vitamins and supplements, cryotherapy, and CBD products, the company is primarily geared towards men's health - specifically testosterone deficiency. Their team is on a mission to erase the stigma surrounding testosterone replacement therapy, as well as shed light on the current misconceptions of the treatment. Regenicsis staying ahead of the health services game by making their patients and clients feel welcome, ordinary, and safe with their treatment - pioneeringthe normalization of thesetreatments.

Another element that makes Regenics so unique is its futuristic, vibrant, and eye-catching image. Take a trip to their social media pages, home to a following over 50,000 strong, and you'll find posts featuring men and women sporting Regenics gear who look like they've popped straight out of Sports Illustrated ads. On top of that, Regenics has branded itself with a graphic logo that is clean, simple, and wearable. But most importantly, their executives have decided to reshape the medical facility arena - with the idea to be home to a medical center without the eerie and bare medical feel. Regenics has created a more inviting physical environment for their clients while still providing a host of certified medical treatments and products. Striving to make their company one-of-a-kind in the customer service game, Regenics executives have concentrated much of their time on their approachable and impressive "ideal shape" image.

Regenics also takes the edge over its competitors because of its efforts to offer a full-scale service to restore the body's supplementary needs on a molecular level. Advertised and fulfilled as a top-of-the-line service, Regenics tackles all aspects of personal well-being - mental, physical, spiritual, and financial. In a competitive industry with such large cash and customer flow, it is only with this uncommon combination of products, services, and approaches to health that companies like Regenics begin to dominate the arena.

While geared towards men in their middle ages, Regenics has a little bit of something for everyone. Whether you're looking for elite athletic care, calming medicinal CBD, or other supplementary and regenerative treatment, this is the place for you.

Contact:Daniel Ortiz[emailprotected]

Related Images

regenics-iv-lounge.jpg Regenics IV Lounge A client receives an IV Infusion at Regenic's IV Lounge.

Related Links

IV Infusion

Cryotherapy

SOURCE Regenics

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A Kingdom of Care: Regenics Wellness Center and Its Groundbreaking Services - PRNewswire

TWIN FALLS The North Canyon Medical Center is hosting its 23rd annual Health Fair this week. Initially set to be in May, the medical center had to reschedule because of COVID-19. There were thoughts that it wasn't going to happen this year, but the center has been following the state's rebound plan and set the dates for this week.

While it's typically a one-day affair, officials from North Canyon felt it wouldn't be safe since the fair draws in large numbers. They decided to host it in multiple locations across an extended amount of time. Today marked the first day of the event and was held at North Canyon Orthopedics in Twin Falls from 7:00 a.m.-10:00 a.m. The remaining days will take place at the same time as today's event. However, Tuesday-Thursday will be hosted at the main campus in Gooding and Friday in Buhl.

The health fair's objective is to allow community members to have access to affordable lab testing to monitor their health. The fair offers lab testing and blood work to evaluate organ functions and check for conditions such as coronary heart disease, liver disease, kidney disease, and diabetes. For those who wish to get this sort of testing, a twelve-hour fast is required. There is also testing for prostate cancer and to detect abnormal testosterone behavior in men over 20.

While there were discussions, North Canyon Medical Center decided that they would not be offering COVID-19 testing. Community Relations Director Shellie Amundson stated, "For the COVID antibody, we felt that that really still needed to be driven by their physician."

The health fair is significant to the community because it can help people save loads of money. The cost of tickets ranges from fifteen to thirty-five dollars for those who have preregistered. Since preregistration is now over, it will cost twenty to fifty dollars.

Despite there being a slight increase in cost compared to what it would usually be, it saves people hundreds. Amundson stated, "We have a lot of people who maybe don't have insurance, or their insurance has a really high deductible. And so this is their one chance a year to get several hundred dollars worth of lab work." The prices are even more critical now since many people find themselves struggling financially.

Those who are getting tested can expect to receive the results in a short amount of time. People who are part of the medical centers patient portal can expect their results to be posted within twenty-four hours. Regular participants will get their findings in the mail within four or five days of testing.

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North Canyon Medical Center hosts health fair this week - 6 On Your Side

New data from phase 3 clinical trials provide further evidence supporting the safety and effectiveness of the first-to-market oral testosterone undecanoate treatment for hypogonadism (Jatenzo), reported Stanton Honig, MD.

Honig presented results for secondary end points from 2 randomized studies comparing the lipoprotein-coated testosterone undecanoate formulation with topical testosterone treatments showing that both the oral and gel products were associated with statistically significant improvements in psychosocial well-being and bone and body composition parameters. Safety analyses showed the oral testosterone undecanoate was associated with a modest increase in blood pressure, which was slightly higher in men with hypertension at study entry than in men with normal blood pressure and that neither the oral nor gel testosterones had any significant effect on liver function test results.

This novel formulation of testosterone undecanoate is a first-in-class oral testosterone replacement that does not have liver issues, said Honig, professor of clinical urology and director, Mens Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.

Taken twice daily, it provides hypogonadal men with total testosterone concentrations in the mid-eugonadal range. Its safety profile is generally consistent with injectable and topical testosterone preparations, although the product labeling for oral testosterone undecanoate includes a black box warning about the potential for increased blood pressure. The data collected in the oral testosterone undecanoate studies underscore the need to check blood pressure at some point in men who are started on this therapy, especially those who are hypertensive at baseline.

The 2 trials comprised a 4-month study and a 12-month investigation. Eligibility criteria were similar in the 2 trials. Men ages 18 to 65 years (to 75 years in the 12-month study) were included if they had hypogonadism (serum testosterone <300 ng/dL on 2 morning samples approximately 7 days apart), had signs and symptoms consistent with hypogonadism, and were either naive to or underwent washout from testosterone therapy.

The 4-month study randomized 222 men 3:1 to oral testosterone undecanoate 237 mg twice daily or once-daily topical testosterone solution. A total of 325 men were randomized 1:1 to oral testosterone undecanoate 200 mg twice daily or topical testosterone gel in the 12-month trial. Dose adjustments were allowed based on serum testosterone levels.

The 4 treatment groups were similar with respect to demographics and clinical characteristics in terms of baseline age, body mass index, comorbidities (prediabetes, diabetes, and hypertension), and mean baseline testosterone levels. Time-weighted average testosterone concentration increased to reach mid-eugonadal levels in all 4 treatment groups, with values ranging from 425 ng/dL to 524 ng/dL across all 4 study groups.

Data on psychosocial well-being were collected in both trials using the Psychosexual Daily Questionnaire. Results showed statistically significant improvements from baseline to study completion in mood, sexual desire, weekly sexual activity, and sexual energy with and without a partner with both the oral and topical treatments, Honig reported.

General well-being was evaluated in the 12-month study using the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey questionnaire. In the individual domains, statistically significant improvements were achieved in both the oral testosterone undecanoate and testosterone gel group and occurred in physical functioning, physical and emotional role limitation, social functioning, and bodily pain.

Changes in body composition parameters were also investigated in the 12-month study. The results for the oral testosterone undecanoate group showed spine bone mineral density, hip bone mineral density, lean body mass, and fat mass all improved significantly from baseline at 6 months with further improvements achieved at month 12.

Both the oral testosterone undecanoate and topical testosterone treatments were associated with minimal increases in serum prostate-specific antigen. Overall, the oral and topical treatments were associated with an increase of hematocrit in approximately 5% to 6% of patients.

Importantly, there were no clinical events associated with the hematocrit increases in the oral testosterone undecanoate or the testosterone gel group, nor did any patient discontinue treatment because of elevated hematocrit, Honig said.

Changes in blood pressure were followed using ambulatory monitoring. Among men treated with oral testosterone undecanoate, mean changes in 24-hour systolic and diastolic blood pressure were approximately 5 mm Hg and 2.5 mm Hg, respectively. Comparisons between men with and without hypertension at baseline showed that the average change was slightly higher in the hypertensive group.

Honig said, It is unclear whether the blood pressure rise is just for oral testosterone undecanoate or a general class effect, as it has been seen with subcutaneous testosterone preparations as well. Most importantly, both oral testosterone undecanoate and topical gel groups showed no significant changes in liver enzyme measurements over a 12-month period.

Disclosure: Honig is a consultant to Clarus Therapeutics and Endo.

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QOL and body composition benefits seen with novel oral T treatment - Urology Times

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When it comes to surviving critical cases of COVID-19, it appears that men draw the short straw.

Initial reports from China revealed the early evidence of increased male mortality associated with COVID. According to the Global Health 50/50 research initiative, nearly every country is now reporting significantly higher COVID-19-related mortality rates in males than in females as of June 4. Yet, current data suggest similar infection rates for men and women. In other words, while men and women are being infected with COVID-19 at similar rates, a significantly higher proportion of men succumb to the disease than women, across groups of similar age. Why is it then that more men are dying from COVID-19? Or rather, should we be asking why are more women surviving?

I am an immunologist, and I explore how stress and biological sex can impact a persons vulnerability to immune-mediated disease. I study a specific immune cell called the mast cell. Mast cells play a pivotal role in our immune systems as they act as first responders to pathogens and orchestrate immune responses that help clear the invading pathogens.

Our research shows that mast cells from females are able to initiate a more active immune response, which may help females fight off infectious diseases better than men. But the trade-off may be that women are at higher risk for allergic and inflammatory diseases. Recent evidence indicates that mast cells are activated by SARS-CoV-2 which causes COVID-19.

Some clues to why females have higher survival rates may be found in our current understanding of differences in the immune systems of men versus women.

In general, females have a more robust immune response than men which may help females fight off infections better than males. This could be a result of genetic factors or sex hormones such as estrogen and testosterone.

Biological females have two copies of the X chromosome, which contains more immune genes. While the genes on one X chromosome are mostly inactive, some immune genes can escape this inactivation, leading to double the number of immune-related genes and thus double the quantity of certain immune proteins compared with biological men who have only one X chromosome.

Sex hormones such as estrogen and testosterone can also impact the immune response. In one study, researchers showed that activating the estrogen receptor in female mice provided them protection against SARS-CoV. And there is an approved clinical trial that will examine the effects of estrogen patches on the severity of COVID-19 symptoms.

It is, however, interesting that the current data showing that women have better survival rates than men applies to even men and women in the 80-plus age group, when hormone levels in both sexes equalize. This suggests that factors other than adult sex hormone levels are contributing to sex differences in COVID-19 mortality.

Androgens, a group of hormones including testosterone that are best known to stimulate the development of male characteristics and can cause hair loss, have also received recent attention as a risk factor for COVID-19 in males. In a study conducted in Italy, prostate cancer diagnosis increased the risk for COVID-19. However, prostate cancer patients who were receiving androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT), a treatment that suppresses the production of androgens which fuels prostate cancer cell growth, had a significantly lower risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection. This suggests that blocking androgens in men was protective against SARS-CoV-2 infection.

It is unknown how ADT works to reduce infection rates in men and whether this has been shown in other countries has yet to be determined. Testosterone, which is an androgen hormone has immune-suppressive effects so one explanation could be that ADT might boost the immune system to combat SARS-CoV-2 infection.

There is also evidence that males and females have different quantities of certain receptors that recognize pathogens or that serve as an invasion point for viruses like SARS-CoV-2. One example is the quantity of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors, which SARS-CoV-2 binds to in order to infect cells. While there is currently no conclusive evidence for a role of ACE2 receptors impacting sex differences and the severity of COVID-19 disease, it remains a potential contributing factor.

Also read: Second wave of Covid hits US as Texas, Florida, California report record new infections

A number of factors can interact with biological sex to increase or decrease ones susceptibility to COVID-19. Another major factor is gender, which refers to social behaviors or cultural norms that society deems appropriate. Males may be at increased risk for severe disease, because in general, they tend to smoke and drink more, wash their hands less frequently and often delay seeking medical attention. All of these gender specific behaviors may put men at higher risk. While there is no current data yet on how gender plays a role in COVID-19, it will be a critically important factor to account for in order to understand sex differences in mortality.

Age, psychological stress level, coexisting conditions such as obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease can also interact with biological sex to increase disease.

While COVID-19 highlights the importance of biological sex in disease risk, sex biases in disease in general is not a new concept. COVID-19 is just another example of a disease that will be added to the growing list of diseases for which males or females are at increased risk.

You might be wondering that if biological sex is so important, then why dont we know what is causing disparities in disease prevalence between the sexes and why are there no sex-specific therapies?

One major reason is when it comes to being included in scientific research, it is mostly males who have been studied.

This disparity between biological sex differences in research has only recently been remedied. It has only been in the last five years that the National Institutes of Health has required sex difference data to be collected for all newly funded preclinical research grants.

While there may be several reasons for choosing one sex over the other in research, the huge disparity that now exists is likely a major reason why we still know relatively little about sex differences in immunity, including the current COVID-19 pandemic.

This has clearly hindered advancement of womens health, but also has negative consequences for mens health. For example, given the biological differences between the sexes, it is very possible that drugs and therapies will have different effects in females than males.

Biological sex is clearly a major factor determining disease outcomes in COVID-19. Precisely how your biological sex makes you more or less resilient to diseases such as COVID-19 remains to be elucidated. Future basic research with animals and clinical trials in people need to consider biological sex as well as interactions with gender as an important variable.

[Get facts about coronavirus and the latest research. Sign up for The Conversations newsletter.]

Adam Moeser, Matilda R. Wilson Endowed Chair, Associate Professor of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

Also read: India becomes fourth worst-hit country after coronavirus cases exceed UK

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