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Obesity is defined as a BMI greater than or equal to 30 by the CDC and is currently among the most prevalent diseases in the world, in addition to being an important risk factor for many other diseases. It has high rates of morbidity and mortality21,22 and, in this context, weight loss can bring countless positive impacts to the individual. Currently, there are several treatments for obesity, and we can divide them into non-surgical or surgical.

Non-surgical treatments include non-drug and drug treatments. Among the non-medicated, we can highlight the change in eating habits, regular physical exercise, and cognitive behavioral therapy8. Ideally, these measures should be implemented for all patients living with obesity, even for those who will undergo drug or surgical treatment. Recently, in addition to lifestyle change, neuromodulation with deep transcranial stimulation has also been studied and has shown effectiveness in weight loss reduction23.

A systematic review carried out in 2021, which analyzed 64 articles concluded that among the most effective non-surgical interventions are low-carbohydrate or low-fat diets and combined therapies. This study also showed that non-drug interventions, such as physical exercise, when used alone, are not very effective in reducing the weight of these patients Therefore, a combination of two or more therapies should be chosen24.

Pharmacological treatment must be chosen together with the patient. One or more drugs can be used, the main ones used being: Liraglutide, Semaglutide, Tirzepatide, Orlistat, Phentermine and Sibutramine25.

Liraglutide was recently approved for the treatment of obesity and is now one of the most widely used drugs. It acts as a GLP-1 receptor agonist26,27,28, enhancing its effects. This group of drugs is already known in the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, a condition that can often be associated with obesity29,30, since its pathophysiology involves increased insulin resistance. The main actions of this drug are: increased satiety due to a reduction in the speed of gastric emptying, increased insulin release and decreased glucagon release. Semaglutide is a drug with a similar mechanism of action who demonstrated not only a substantial weight loss31, but was also associated with a lower 10-year T2D risk in people with overweight or obesity after 2years of follow up32. More recently, a new drug that combines GLP-1 and GIP receptor agonist, Tirzepatide, has shown even better results in the short term33.

Orlistat, in turn, reversibly inhibits the lipase enzyme34, which has the function of breaking down fat from food for its absorption, as well as inhibiting the absorption of ingested triglycerides. Thus, there is elimination of fat in the feces35. The main adverse effects are gastrointestinal symptoms, however this can be beneficial as it leads to a change in behavior, for example causing a lower consumption of foods rich in fat36.

Phentermine, an amphetamine analogue, can be used in conjunction with topiramate for the treatment of obesity. The mechanism of action of the drugs is not yet known, however, significant weight loss has already been observed, in addition to a reduction in the consumption of hypercaloric foods and a decrease in the speed of gastric emptying with the use of this combination of drugs37,38.

Sibutramine, widely used in the 1990s, acts to inhibit the reuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine34. Serotonin, in turn, activates POMC system neurons and inhibits NPY neurons, thereby promoting reduced appetite and increased satiety. Despite generating weight reduction39, some data show increased cardiovascular risk40, and therefore, it is no longer used as a first-line drug.

Among the possible surgeries, the most performed today are: Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB), Biliopancreatic diversion (BPD), Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy (LSG) and Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Band (LAGB). According to the NIH and the American Bariatric Society41,42, some indications for performing bariatric surgery are adults with BMI greater than or equal to 40 and adults with BMI greater than 35 accompanied by some comorbidity such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, obstructive sleep apnea or hypertension.

RYGB is one of the best-known procedures and its complications vary according to the surgical technique used. Some complications include gastric distention, ulcers, cholelithiasis, hernias, dumping syndrome, and hyperammonaemia encephalopathy.

BPD presents long-term nutritional complications, such as anemia, bone diseases and fat-soluble vitamin deficiency. This technique has high mortality rates, mainly due to the complexity of the technique.

Among the procedures described, LSG is the one with the fewest complications, being described in the literature bleeding or stenosis of the stoma. An alternative technique using endoscopy for sleeve gastroplasty has shown to be safe and efficient for weight loss after 104weeks, with important improvements in metabolic comorbidities43.

The procedure with the lowest mortality rate is the LAGB44. Despite this, it can present complications such as obstruction, band erosion, band slippage and gastric prolapse, esophagitis, hernia, in addition to having a high rate of reoperation, reaching 50% of patients who underwent this surgery45.

In this article, we compare data on weight loss through intensive drug treatment, which includes changes in eating habits, physical exercise, and medications, and through surgical treatment. Both treatments showed that weight loss caused an improvement in the lipid panel, with a reduction in total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL, an increase in HDL, improvement in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, decrease in glycated hemoglobin and insulin resistance (accessed through HOMA), in addition to reducing the risk for cardiovascular diseases.

Our systematic review confirmed the findings of individual studies that bariatric surgery has a greater potential for weight reduction, BMI and waist circumference, as already described in individual articles and widely in the literature. It should be noted that even in the long term, this difference remained. Similarly, a 2014 Cochrane systematic review46 comparing RCT with more than 1year of follow-up showed that all 7 articles included demonstrated an advantage of the surgical group. An article47 on the use of pharmacological treatment for obesity showed that even recent drugs approved, including GLP 1 agonists, are not able to reduce weight to levels similar to those of bariatric surgery to date, despite the emergence of new drugs still in initial phase48. It is worth mentioning that in these studies the comparison time is relatively short (12months) and that we do not have data on the long-term impact. Thus, in relation to long term weight loss, bariatric surgery is still the best option.

Most articles were not able to individually demonstrate that surgical treatment is superior to non-surgical in terms of pressure reduction. However, the result of the meta-analysis showed a superiority of the surgical group in relation to both systolic and diastolic pressure, more pronounced in the BPD group. Wang49 performed a systematic review focused on the impact on pressure and demonstrated that there was a reduction in systolic and diastolic values, but the subgroup analysis showed that this occurs only in the RYGB groups for systolic pressure. Similarly, Schiavon also demonstrated a significant reduction in the need of blood pressure medication after 3years in the RYGB group when compared intensive medical treatment for obesity50. This difference found in only one subtype of surgery seems to be just a reflection of the sample size, which can be interpreted that surgical treatment in general tends to reduce pressure to a greater extent than non-surgical treatment. The fact that different types of surgery are significant may reflect the studies selected in our meta-analysis, which have longer follow-ups.

In relation to both HOMA-IR and glycated Hb, there was a more significant improvement in the group that underwent surgery. The way in which the data on diabetes remission was reported in the articles did not allow a meta-analysis to be carried out with these data and, therefore, it was not included. However, individual data from the Mingrone 2015, Mingrone 2021 and Schauer articles showed that the surgery group had better results. A network meta-analysis from 202151 comparing the different types of metabolic surgery for the treatment of obesity and diabetes showed that RYGB was 20% more likely to result in remission of type 2 diabetes compared to SG. There was no significant difference between the other groups. Moreover, the effects of bariatric surgery on diabetes is not exclusive for patients with obesity, as shown by a study with patients with a BMI of 2732kg/m2 that had a better glycemic control when treated with RYGB20. Regarding the lipid profile, Schauer's study was not able to demonstrate superiority in relation to LDL and HDL parameters. However, by combining the data from Mingrone's articles, it is possible to demonstrate that surgical treatment is superior. Regarding cholesterol reduction, Mingrone's studies showed that although RYGB and BDP were better in relation to non-surgical treatment, the BDP technique had a statistically greater reduction in relation to RYGB. This can be explained by the greater intestinal exclusion in BDP and, therefore, having a greater impact on lipid absorption. Despite Sayeed's study52 et al. was not included in this meta-analysis due to the inadequate way of separating the groups for analysis, the results regarding the lipid profile showed that the group that received both interventions was superior to the exclusive non-surgical treatment. It is important to point out that despite a statistically significant difference between the groups, the effect size of this difference is probably not clinically significant.

The choice of treatment for obesity can also have an impact on several other patient comorbidities. Hossain et al.53 performed a systematic review with 26 studies that showed that bariatric surgery appears to be more effective in the treatment of asthma. Similarly, a study by Crawford et al.15 showed that there is a greater increase in bone turnover in groups undergoing bariatric surgery in relation to pharmacological treatment. Other than that, bariatric surgery is also demonstrated to be superior in the treatment of other obesity related pathologies, such as Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH), and in the treatment of obesity in adolescents54,55.

The effect of major cardiovascular adverse events (MACE) and mortality56 have also been promising for bariatric surgery. A recent cohort comparing bariatric surgery in patients with obesity and use of GLP1-agonists inpatients with diabetes showed a lower risk of MACE in the surgical group57. The surgical treatment has also shown superiority when compared to medical treatment regarding the prevention of diabetic kidney disease in 5years for patients with diabetes and obesity58. Boyers et al. evaluated the cost-effectiveness of surgical and pharmacological treatment in the treatment of obesity and found that RYGB should be the treatment of choice only if the optimization of health system costs is considered59.

Another important consideration is the fact that pharmacological and surgical treatment for obesity are not mutually exclusive. Most clinicians choose to combine both treatment modalities in practice to improve results. Weight gain after bariatric surgery is a known possibility, and for those patients, two-thirds of the weight regain can be safely lost with GLP1 agonist, providing clinicians with a therapeutic option for this clinical challenge.

Despite the large number of articles in the literature on the treatment of obesity, there are few RCTs comparing non-surgical and surgical treatment, and most of them only follow up in the short term. In addition, many articles do not adequately describe the strategy used in non-surgical treatment. This lack of data and standardization in this type of treatment can lead to bias and possibly the formation of extremely heterogeneous groups for analysis.

Most of the studies included in our systematic review have diabetes as an inclusion criteria. In this circumstance, our findings may not be generalized to patients with obesity without diabetes.

Another important limitation of our systematic review refers to pharmacological treatment in the non-surgical group. The use of GLP 1 agonists has great potential in the treatment of obesity, but they have only started to be used recently. As the purpose of our article is to assess the long-term impact, there are still few articles available that used this drug. The use of the most recent medications, such as Tirzepatide, could not be evaluated in our study, once there are no RCTs in the literature presenting its long-term effects. Those drugs proved to be very efficient and might have similar effect in the long term. Future systematic reviews may reveal a different results when including the new generation of weight loss medication.

Finally, choosing the most appropriate treatment often involves individual characteristics of each patient, and the impact on quality of life can be extremely subjective and difficult to assess.

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Surgery is associated with better long-term outcomes than pharmacological treatment for obesity: a systematic review ... - Nature.com

The carnivore diet, according to Cleveland Clinic, is as simple as it sounds: You eat meat or animal products for every meal, and mostly avoid every other food group.

Health has reported that the all-meat diet is attractive to those wanting to lose weight. Adherents keep their daily carbohydrate intake to a minimum and eat only small amounts of plant-based foods, such as low-carb vegetables. The bottom line is that people following a carnivore diet focus on getting calories strictly from meat and animal products.

But is the carnivore diet actually healthy? Healthline and other outlets have reported that the diet is too restrictive and not well-balanced, and that its not completely backed up by research.

According to Health, several researchers and health professionals have examined the meat-based diet over hundreds of years.

In 1797, Dr. John Rollo reportedly treated patients with Type 2 diabetes through a meat-and-fat based diet after studying the low-carb diet of indigenous people in St. Lucia. Low-carb diet treatments became widely adopted for managing diabetes until 1921 with the discovery of insulin, Health reported.

The carnivore diet enjoyed a surge in popularity in 2018 with the rise of The Carnivore Diet, a book by Dr. Shawn Baker, who recommended the complete version of the diet after claiming to benefit from it, per Health.

Healthline reported that aspects of a high-protein, low-carb diet may result in select benefits.

Protein can help you feel more full and simultaneously increase your metabolic rate, enabling you to not only reduce your calorie intake, but potentially burn more calories.

These aspects of following the carnivore diet promote weight loss, but they may not last, health experts say.

A 2021 study examining self-reports of the carnivore diet found that participants who followed the diet for nine to 20 months reported improvements in their overall health, physical and mental well-being, and some chronic medical conditions, according to Health.

These findings might have resulted from cutting out foods and drinks associated with poor physical and mental health, so health experts say more research is needed to see how the carnivore diet impacts long-term health.

According to CNBC, people following the carnivore diet do not get enough carotenoids, polyphenols and fiber, which are cancer-preventing substances abundant in fruits and vegetables.

Registered dietitian Kate Patton told Cleveland Clinic that the lack of fiber will cause a lot of constipation, and that the diet, which is potentially high in saturated fats and sodium, could lead to health complications.

Even if you have digestive issues, this diet can make things worse with all that protein and fat, which takes a lot longer to digest, Patton said.

In addition, the diet limits consumption of certain micronutrients and plant compounds. While meat does provide some micronutrients, the carnivore diet may result in the deficiency of some nutrients, and the overconsumption of others.

Diets rich in plant-based foods, unlike the carnivore diet, have been associated with lower risks of long-term conditions, such as heart disease and Alzheimers, per Healthline.

Walter Willett, a professor of epidemiology and nutrition at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, said to CNBC, Its possible that some people who have been eating a lot of refined starch and sugar may get better in the short run. ... But this sounds like a diet that is going to be very unhealthy in the long run.

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Is the carnivore diet healthy? Here's what to know Deseret News - Deseret News

When will we see through the haze of drugs like Ozempic and Wegovy?

Hopefully soon. These drugs might reach 30 million U.S. users by 2030. Surging, off-label demand has come with unintentional overdoses, rising prices and medication shortages. Further expansion seems likely with the Food and Drug Administrations recent approval of another class of medications to reduce the risk of cardiovascular death, heart attack, and stroke in adults with cardiovascular disease and either obesity or overweight.

These medications, called GLP-1 receptor agonists or semaglutides, have gotten the attention of the New York City Council. One member has proposed a law requiring the city health department to release information on the consequences of off-label use of these medications for weight loss.

About 20% of patients taking GLP-1s for weight loss experience nausea and vomiting; 30% get diarrhea. Add headaches, swelling of nasal passages, allergic reactions, pancreatitis, and fatigue to the list, along with rare cases of thyroid cancer in laboratory animals.

Admittedly, bariatric surgery, my area of expertise, also poses risks, like any surgical procedure. Still, it remains a safe, long-term option offering better long-term control of weight and glucose levels than medical therapies for patients with Type 2 diabetes. Patients need accurate information about the risks and benefits of all options.

There is no denying: Semaglutides are a powerful class of drugs helping push back on the obesity epidemic. They offer weight loss, reduced appetite, and slower emptying of the stomach that makes patients feel full faster.

Ive also seen at my Great Neck-based practice what can happen when patients stop taking semaglutides. It can trigger weight (re)gain, a greater appetite, a surge of blood sugar, and lean muscle mass loss with body fat percentage gain. There can be withdrawal symptoms.

Data, physician awareness, and patient education can help us assess whats best for each patient, medication or bariatric surgery. The lack of knowledge translates into only about 200,000 patients per year pursuing weight-loss surgery about 1% of those who qualify for it.

Physicians need to share that bariatric surgery remains an effective, long-term tool that has become safer and less invasive. It can be highly effective for weight loss and management of obesity-induced complications, especially when surgeons use minimally invasive procedures. This approach, used in 90% of bariatric surgeries, results in shorter hospital stays, less blood loss during procedures, less postoperative pain, and fewer pulmonary complications and wound infections.

We need to review data comparing outcomes for patients who have undergone gastric bypass, sleeve gastrectomy, and intensive medical therapy alone. Of patients who underwent medical therapy, 12% achieved the desired diabetes targets after a year, but positive effects of metabolic surgery lasted longer and also improved cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Those advantages must be considered against potential post-surgical drawbacks like anemia or gastrointestinal problems.

Its clear semaglutides have tremendous potential, though we dont yet know their full impact. If we can find optimal ways to wean patients off those them, perhaps they might help patients maintain weight loss after bariatric surgery.

Semaglutides also have opened the door to reframing obesity as a medical condition without shame. When we can consider weight-loss options without stigma, patients are better positioned to receive information from their doctors and make decisions. The less starry-eyed we are, the better we can focus on the positive, long-term health outcomes each patient deserves.

THIS GUEST ESSAY reflects the views of Dr. Aurora Pryor, system director for bariatric surgery at Northwell Health and surgeon in chief at Long Island Jewish Medical Center.

See more here:
Given their side effects, weight-loss drugs might not be good for all - Newsday

Its that hold-your-breath moment, often at the start of the day: The numbers on the scale can have so much influence on your sense of self-worth. Each one of us is so much more than the figure that flashes upyet research has shown that consistently weighing yourself is one of the most effective ways to lose weight and subsequently keep it off.

But when can you take a step back from all that vigilance over your food intake, exercise, and weight? A study conducted by researchers from the University of Florida and the University of Virginia set out to determine how often an individual should weigh themselves to effectively keep weight off.

The results and analysis were published in March 2024 in the journal Obesity. Led by scholars of metabolism, cardiovascular health, and psychology, the study followed 74 adults who were overweight or obese with an average age of 50. The study tracked these participants throughout a nine-month maintenance period after completing a three-month-long weight loss plan, asking them to monitor their weight, food intake, and activity and to report on the days they tracked every week.

What Is Your Set Point Weight? Heres How To Gauge ItAnd Why a Doctor Says Youll Want To

The researchers found that weight re-gain correlated with the frequency per week that the participants monitored their weight. Those who continued monitoring their weight, diet, and activity at least three days per week were likelier to have maintained their weight at the end of the nine months. Participants who tracked their values for five days or more each week were more likely to continue losing weight. And interestingly, tracking for one to two days per week was associated with significant weight gain.

The researchers were encouraged by the results because in this study, maintenance was attainable with just three to four days of monitoring per week. These results provide support for using modified schedules of self-monitoring during maintenance, with the potential to lower self-monitoring burden and ultimately improve long-term adherence and weight-loss maintenance, they said.

Additionally, they note that the data support the idea that a slow and steady approach is more effective than bursts of weight monitoring. Also, consistently reporting metrics three to four days per week worked much better than reporting seven days one week and then only one day on another week.

This modified maintenance is encouraging for people who want to be a little more flexible, but still mindful, with their diets after weight loss.

Originally posted here:
The Best Way to Keep Weight Off? Weigh Yourself This Often, Says New Study - The Healthy

When the financial analyst Emily Field was commissioned by Barclays to predict the likely economic implications of the new generation of weight-loss drugs, she came back with a startling answer: this will be comparable to the invention of the smartphone. For 40 years, people have been gaining weight, with a trebling in global obesity rates since 1975 but that trend now looks likely to be slammed into reverse. These new drugs, working in a very different way to previous weight-loss drugs, cause remarkable levels of physical shrinking: for Ozempic and Wegovy, people lose on average 15 per cent of their body weight in a year, while for the newer drugs coming down the line, its a staggering 24 per cent. As these drugs become

See the article here:
I've lost three stone taking Ozempic. But am I at risk? - The Times

If you put a lab mouse on a diet, cutting the animals caloric intake by 30 to 40 percent, it will live, on average, about 30 percent longer. The calorie restriction, as the intervention is technically called, cant be so extreme that the animal is malnourished, but it should be aggressive enough to trigger some key biological changes.

Scientists first discovered this phenomenon in the 1930s, and over the past 90 years it has been replicated in species ranging from worms to monkeys. The subsequent studies also found that many of the calorie-restricted animals were less likely to develop cancer and other chronic diseases related to aging.

But despite all the research on animals, there remain a lot of unknowns. Experts are still debating how it works, and whether its the number of calories consumed or the window of time in which they are eaten (also known as intermittent fasting) that matters more.

And its still frustratingly uncertain whether eating less can help people live longer, as well. Aging experts are notorious for experimenting on themselves with different diet regimens, but actual longevity studies are scant and difficult to pull off because they take, well, a long time.

Heres a look at what scientists have learned so far, mostly through seminal animal studies, and what they think it might mean for humans.

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Could a Calorie-Restricted Diet or Fasting Help You Live Longer? - The New York Times

Theres no question that new injected medicines like Wegovy and Ozempic are helping a lot of people who are overweight or have obesity shed excess pounds. But a new study suggests that the high price tag for these drugs may mean theyre not always the most cost-effective option.

For the study, researchers did a cost-benefit analysis comparing two treatment options for people with obesity: weekly injections of semaglutide (the active ingredient in Wegovy and Ozempic) or a minimally invasive weight loss procedure known as endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty. They used mathematical models to estimate the potential costs, weight loss, and changes in quality of life for each of these options, and in the scenario of no weight loss treatment at all.

[1]

But over five years, people lost more weight and had lower medical costs with endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty than with semaglutide, the study found.

For semaglutide to be just as cost-effective as this procedure, the annual cost of the drug would need to be reduced by more than $10,000 from $13,618 per year to $3,591, researchers calculated.

This economic evaluation study suggests that endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty is cost-saving compared with semaglutide, concluded the senior study author,Christopher Thompson, MD, of Brigham and Womens Hospital in Boston, and his colleagues.

This finding is due to the increased effectiveness and lower costs of endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty and the increased dropout rates over time with semaglutide, the authors wrote. Thompson didnt respond to requests for comment.

Ozempic and Wegovy both contain the same active ingredient, semaglutide, and are in a family of medicines known as GLP-1 receptor agonists that can help control blood sugar and reduce hunger.

[2]

I think semaglutide is less cost effective because it is an ongoing, monthly cost to patients, whereas a procedure like ESG has the costs of the intervention, but no ongoing monthly costs, says Anita Courcoulas, MD, MPH, a professor and the chair of minimally invasive bariatric and general surgery at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center.

Up to about 1 in 5 people who start taking semaglutide stop, either because of side effects or costs, the study also estimated. Because patients regain weight when they stop treatment, this also contributes to the reduced cost-effectiveness of the medication, according to the study.

The study also focuses on overall health costs, not necessarily what patients would pay out of pocket for the procedure or the medication to aid weight loss.

At this point in time, insurance typically covers older versions of bariatric surgery that require incisions through the skin to reach the stomach, says Dr. Courcoulas, who wasnt involved in the new study. But because both ESG and semaglutide are relatively new options for weight loss, many patients will struggle to get insurance coverage for either one of these options, Courcoulas says.

Typically insurance coverage takes time and a good deal of long-term safety and efficacy data behind it, so I do not predict that the majority of insurers will cover the new medications or ESG in the very near future, Courcoulas says.

Bariatric surgery is covered by many insurers after a series of preparatory steps are completed, Courcoulas adds. So right now, surgery is covered more so than the less-invasive options, but once more data evolves for the newer treatment options, more coverage will likely come.

Read more:
Ozempic and Wegovy Are More Expensive and Less Effective Than Gastroplasty - Everyday Health

Professor Tim Spector has revealed his intermittent fasting routine. (Getty Images)

Intermittent fasting has become extremely popular in recent months, with celebrities and public figures like Coldplays Chris Martin and Prime Minister Rishi Sunak talking about the health benefits of the diet.

Epidemiologist and gut health expert Professor Tim Spector has revealed that he also practises intermittent fasting and revealed his routine in a new interview on the ZOE Science and Nutrition podcast.

Prof Spector, who is a co-founder of nutrition platform ZOE, said he believes that in order to sustain the diet in the long-term, being too "rigid" with it could actually lead to failure.

He commented on a recent study that suggested intermittent fasting could be linked to an increased risk of death from fatal heart disease. In a large-scale study tracking about 20,000 adults in the US, scientists found that people who ate within an eight-hour window and fasted the rest of the time were nearly twice as likely to die from heart attacks or strokes.

However, the study found better results among people who said they spread their eating across 12 to 16 hours in a day.

"It looks like the sweet spot for when the results start sort of turning significant is around at this 10-hour eating window," Prof Spector said. "I tend to start eating at 10.30am or 11am in the morning.

"If Im doing any exercise or workouts, I do those in the morning. And then I would finish eating or drinking anything other than black tea or black coffee at 9pm at night. I do that for probably five or six days a week."

He continued: "Im not absolutely rigid on it because I realise that I want to sustain this long-term, and I dont want to feel like a failure if Im given this general rule, if you can do things five days out of seven, youre doing pretty well."

The scientist also revealed that he doesnt restrict himself while on holiday and he wants to eat. "Occasionally, you know, I might be in France and theres an incredible breakfast buffet and Im saying, Oh, really? Am I going to miss all that?

Story continues

"Sometimes I just do it and life is too short not to take rare opportunities as well."

Stephens, who is the author of the 28-Day Fast Start Day-by-Day and Fast. Feast. Repeat, added that the idea you need to restrict food and deny yourself things you enjoy is what puts many people off intermittent fasting.

She countered this idea and said: "Words sound so scary. The word fasting makes you think that youre doing to [go] 40 days and 40 nights wandering in the desert.

"But intermittent fasting, the word intermittent is key. You are having periods of fasting and periods of eating, which every single person who is listening or watching already does.

"That is just changing the balance of that. You know, you go to bed, you sleep, you wake up in a fasted state. Probably everyone listening has had fasted [for] blood work before.

"o our bodies are already fasted every single day. If you live an intermittent fasting lifestyle, the difference is you just extend that period instead of most people having this much for your feeding time and this much for fasting, we just switch it. And so youre fasting for a longer period of the day intentionally."

Dr Michael Mosley, founder of personalised diet programme The Fast 800, says that anyone starting intermittent fasting should first determine whether its the right diet for them. Such diets or weight loss programmes are not suitable for people who have a history of eating disorders, people on certain medications or who have recently had surgery, or people who are planning to get pregnant.

He adds that, if intermittent fasting is something youd like to try, its important to ensure youre eating healthy calories.

"You want them to be packed full of protein and other nutrients, so you need to make sure youre following healthy recipes that meet your nutritional needs," he tells Yahoo UK.

Dr Mosley also advises that telling your friends and family that you plan to start intermittent fasting can help you ensure you get proper support, as "in the early days, it can be quite tough".

"The good news is that people say that they are surprised how quickly they get into the pattern and they very quickly stop feeling hungry, he says. "I think it is also important to clear out your cupboards and get rid of the junk food because unfortunately, if your cupboards are still full of junk food, it's very tempting when youre feeling a little bit peckish in the middle of the night!

"I know that if I have chocolate and biscuits in the house, I will eat them, despite everything that I know, so my advice is to remove temptation. There's a fair amount of pre-planning that needs to go into it if you're going to be successful.

"Rather just jump into it, do read about it first. Have a plan, work out what you're going to do, inform your friends and family and then get going."

Watch: What Is Intermittent Fasting and Is It Right for You?

Read more about diet and gut health:

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Gut health expert Tim Spector reveals key to long-term intermittent fasting - Yahoo Lifestyle UK

LOS ANGELES Every parent is aware of the detrimental effects drugs and alcohol can have on a childs developing brain, but new research suggests moms and dads all over may want to start considering candy bars just as bad as beer cans. A study conducted using rodents at the University of Southern California found rats fed a diet full of fat and sugar during adolescence suffered long-term memory impairment persisting well into adulthood.

All in all, the study authors believe these findings show that a junk food-filled diet may disrupt a teens memory ability for a long time, just like rats.

What we see not just in this paper, but in some of our other recent work, is that if these rats grew up on this junk food diet, then they have these memory impairments that dont go away, says Scott Kanoski, a professor of biological sciences at the USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, in a media release. If you just simply put them on a healthy diet, these effects unfortunately last well into adulthood.

While developing the study, Prof. Kanoski and postdoctoral research fellow Anna Hayes took into account prior research that uncovered a link between poor diet and Alzheimers disease. Those diagnosed with Alzheimers disease tend to display lower levels of a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine in their brains. That neurotransmitter is essential to memory and many other functions like learning, attention, arousal, and involuntary muscle movement.

So, researchers wondered what that might mean for younger individuals following a similar fat-filled, sugary, Western diet, especially when their brain is undergoing significant development during adolescence. By tracking the influence of the diet on the rodents levels of acetylcholine and having the rats undergo some memory testing, researchers successfully learned more about the important relationship between diet and memory.

Next, study authors tracked acetylcholine levels among a group of rats following a fatty, sugary diet, as well as among a control group of rats. They analyzed their brain responses to certain tasks intended to test their memory. From there, researchers analyzed the rats brains post-mortem for any signs of disrupted acetylcholine levels.

The memory test used in the study involved allowing the rats to explore new objects in different locations. Then, days later, researchers reintroduced the rats to a scene that was nearly identical except for the addition of one new object. Rats who had been on the junk food diet showed signs of not being able to remember which objects they had previously seen and where. Meanwhile, those in the control group were more familiar with their surroundings.

Acetylcholine signaling is a mechanism to help them encode and remember those events, analogous to episodic memory in humans that allows us to remember events from our past, Hayes explains. That signal appears to not be happening in the animals that grew up eating the fatty, sugary diet.

Prof. Kanoski emphasizes that adolescence is a very sensitive period for the brain, as important changes occur in development.

I dont know how to say this without sounding like Cassandra and doom and gloom, he adds, but unfortunately, some things that may be more easily reversible during adulthood are less reversible when they are occurring during childhood.

In conclusion, the research team adds there is some hope for intervention. Prof. Kanoski says that during another round of the study, study authors examined if the memory damage in rats raised on the junk food diet may be reversible with medication inducing the release of acetylcholine. They used two drugs for this purpose: PNU-282987 and carbachol, finding that with those treatments given directly to the hippocampus, a brain region responsible for memory often disrupted by Alzheimers disease, the rats memory ability returned.

However, without that special medical intervention, Prof. Kanoski stresses more research is necessary to understand how memory problems from a junk food diet during adolescence may be reversible.

The full study can be found here, published in Brain Behavior and Immunity.

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Eating junk food during childhood may lead to long-term, irreversible memory issues - - Study Finds

A register-based study from Finland identified three distinct BMI trajectory groups among patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. In a four-year follow-up, most patients followed a stable trajectory without much weight change. Only 10% of patients lost weight, whereas 3% gained weight. Mean BMI exceeded the threshold of obesity in all groups at baseline. Weight loss is a central treatment goal in type 2 diabetes, but the study shows that few patients succeed in it.

The study was carried out by researchers at the University of Eastern Finland, and the results were published in Clinical Epidemiology.

Patients belonging to each trajectory group were followed up for another eight years for diabetes complications. During the follow-up, 13% of all patients developed microvascular complications, 21% developed macrovascular complications and 20% of patients deceased. The risk of microvascular complications was 2.9 times higher and the risk of macrovascular complications 2.5 times higher among patients with an increasing BMI compared to those with a stable BMI. Micro- and macrovascular complications of diabetes can include, for example, retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy, as well as cardiovascular diseases.

These results underscore the significance of continuous BMI monitoring and weight management in patients with type 2 diabetes. Tailored treatments and support with lifestyle changes are crucial for efficiently preventing weight gain and reducing the risk of diabetes complications."

Zhiting Wang,Doctoral Researcherof the University of Eastern Finland

The study was carried out in North Karelia, Finland, using electronic health records from both primary and specialised health care. The study included a total of 889 adults with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes in 2011 or 2012. The participants were grouped based on individual BMI trajectories from the diagnosis until 2014. Risks for microvascular complications, macrovascular complications, any diabetes complications and all-cause mortality from 2015 to 2022 across BMI trajectory groups were estimated.

Source:

Journal reference:

Wang, Z., et al. (2024). Trajectories of Body Mass Index and Risk for Diabetes Complications and All-Cause Mortality in Finnish Type 2 Diabetes Patients.Clinical Epidemiology. doi.org/10.2147/clep.s450455.

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Long-term study shows struggle with weight loss in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetics - News-Medical.Net

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