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Apr 4

Ice cream and other ways to keep residents healthy post-pandemic – Guest columns – McKnight’s Long Term Care News – McKnight’s Long Term Care News

As nursing home residents and staff get vaccinated, its clear we still wont be returning to crowded dining halls and ice cream parties anytime soon. But milkshakes, sundaes, bananas, soft pretzels and other snacks will be more than fun treats; they may be lifesaving.

Being immobile and isolated for months isnt conducive to healthy nutrition. Particularly in long-term care settings, socializing is a big part of meals. Deprived of that, many residents may have been eating less. At the same time, fewer visits and busier staff mean that any weight loss and poor eating habits may not be recognized right away.

Add other factors such as oral health issues and medications that interfere with appetite, digestion and nutrition, and this patient population is at great risk for malnutrition.

For residents who have had COVID-19, there may be an additional challenge. According to a new study, these individuals may lose their sense of smell and taste for several months after they recover. This can keep them from eating or drinking enough.

Whatever the cause for malnutrition, these residents are more likely to have a weakened immune system (which increases the risk of infections), poor wound healing, a higher risk of hospitalization and an increased risk of frailty or even death.

Malnutrition also causes muscle weakness and decreased bone mass, which can lead residents to experience a harmful fall. In fact, in one study, malnourished patients were almost 8 times more likely to have an injurious fall than those their non-malnourished counterparts, regardless of age and/or body mass index. This is of particular concern as residents get more active with pandemic restrictions easing.

Like everything else weve done during the pandemic, we need a team approach to keep residents nourished and maintain healthy weights:

Assessing frailty is key to identifying those individuals who may be at greatest risk for weight loss, malnutrition and falls. As facilities open up, make sure these residents have access to nutritional supplements, assistive devices and physical therapy that can help keep them safe as life gets back to a semblance of normal.

March is National Nutrition Month, so this is the perfect opportunity to promote the importance of maintaining healthy weights and nutritional status. And dont forget the power of ice cream!

Steven Buslovich, M.D., is a New York-based geriatrician and co-founder/CEO of Patient Pattern, which develops software and other tech tools to bridge the gap between complex healthcare and technology.

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Ice cream and other ways to keep residents healthy post-pandemic - Guest columns - McKnight's Long Term Care News - McKnight's Long Term Care News


Apr 4

5 benefits of cherries for gout, sleep, nutrition, and more – Medical News Today

Cherries contain a number of beneficial nutrients, such as vitamin C and antioxidants. Some evidence suggests that they may also help lower inflammation, protect heart health, and improve sleep as part of a healthy diet.

The health benefits of cherries can depend on a number of factors, such as the cherry variety, how many a person consumes, and how often they consume them.

This article will look at the scientific evidence for the health benefits of cherries, their nutritional profile, and how people can get more cherries in their diet.

Inflammation is part of the bodys natural response to illness or injury. In the short term, it can be helpful. However, long-term inflammation is involved in many chronic conditions.

Although a diet that is generally high in fruits, vegetables, and fiber can help lower inflammation, cherries may be particularly beneficial as part of an anti-inflammatory diet.

According to a 2018 review, 11 out of 16 human studies into cherries and inflammation showed that they decreased inflammation. This applied to both tart and sweet varieties of cherry, and it included cherry fruits, juices, and concentrates.

The anti-inflammatory properties of cherries may also help with gout.

Gout causes sudden and severe joint pain. This is triggered by high levels of uric acid in the blood. One 2018 review stated that the consumption of cherries could help a person maintain moderate levels of uric acid in the body.

The review discussed a 2012 study that found that taking cherry concentrate or eating cherries led to a 35% reduction in gout episodes over a 2-day period. This effect remained the same regardless of sex, body weight, purine and alcohol intake, diuretic use, and anti-gout medication use.

The authors of the 2018 review stated that although more long-term studies are necessary, these findings are promising.

Learn more about the foods to eat and avoid for gout here.

In general, a diet rich in fruits and vegetables and low in saturated fat is best for heart health. However, cherries may be especially valuable in a heart-healthy diet, as they show potential for lowering blood pressure.

The 2018 review mentioned several studies in which various cherry products lowered blood pressure. One such older study in females with diabetes found that taking 40 grams (g) of tart cherry concentrate per day for 6 weeks significantly lowered blood pressure.

High blood pressure is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide.

Cherries contain several nutrients that may help with blood pressure, including polyphenols and potassium.

Polyphenols are a type of antioxidant that can prevent oxidative damage. A large 2018 observational study suggested that increased polyphenol consumption could lower blood pressure.

One hundred grams of raw sweet cherries contains around 5% of a persons Daily Value of potassium, which is 4,700 milligrams (mg). An adequate intake of potassium is important for maintaining healthy blood pressure.

According to a 2013 study, cherries are a rich, natural source of melatonin, which is a neurotransmitter that influences sleep and mood. Melatonin can be useful for those who have insomnia, as it is the chemical that induces sleepiness.

Another 2013 study involved participants aged between 20 and 85 years. Among other outcomes, the researchers studied the effects on sleep of those who ate a cherry-based product and those who had a placebo.

Among the participants who consumed the cherry-based product, sleep and nocturnal rest significantly improved. Older participants experienced an even more marked improvement.

Regular exercise is an important part of a healthy lifestyle. However, it can result in sore muscles or, if a person exercises in a way that causes strain, injury.

A 2020 meta-analysis involved participants who consumed tart cherry concentrate as a powder or juice for 7 days until 1.5 hours before exercising.

The results revealed that tart cherry consumption improved a persons endurance during exercise. This was possibly due to its low glycemic index and anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and blood flow-enhancing properties.

Scientists need to carry out more research to determine whether or not cherries can reduce recovery times and soreness after exercise.

In addition to having specific health benefits, cherries are also a source of many important nutrients.

The following table shows the quantities of some of the nutrients in sweet cherries, according to the United States Department of Agriculture:

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans 20202025 recommend that most healthy adults eat 1.52.5 cups of fruit per day, depending on their calorie intake needs.

There are many ways to get more cherries into the diet. Cherries are available in many forms, including:

To incorporate more cherries into a healthy diet, people can:

When purchasing cherry products or using cherries in recipes, people should try to avoid added sugars. Some cherry products contain high amounts of added sugars.

There is some evidence to suggest that regularly eating cherries or drinking cherry juice may benefit a persons heart health, boost sleep quality, and lower inflammation. People with specific conditions, such as high blood pressure or gout, may find them especially helpful.

However, as with all aspects of nutrition, there are no specific foods that can cure a condition. This is because many factors influence a persons health, including their overall diet, fitness level, mental health, and genes.

People will get the most benefits from cherries by eating them as part of a healthy diet and lifestyle.

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5 benefits of cherries for gout, sleep, nutrition, and more - Medical News Today


Apr 4

Ground glass opacity: Causes, symptoms, and treatments – Medical News Today

Ground glass opacity (GGO) refers to the hazy gray areas that can show up in CT scans or X-rays of the lungs. These gray areas indicate increased density inside the lungs.

The term comes from a technique in glassmaking during which the surface of the glass is blasted by sand. This technique gives the glass a hazy white or frosted appearance.

There are many potential causes of GGO, including infections, inflammation, and growths. One 2020 review also found that GGO was the most common anomaly among people with COVID-19-related pneumonia.

This article will look at what GGO is, some of its causes, and its treatment options.

GGO refers to gray areas that can show up in lung X-rays or CT scans.

Normally, the lungs appear black in X-ray and CT scans. This indicates that they are free of any visible blockages.

However, gray areas indicate increased density, meaning that something is partially filling the air spaces inside the lungs. This could be due to:

GGO can be due to many conditions. Sometimes, the cause is benign. Other times, it may be the temporary result of a short-term illness. However, it can also indicate a more serious or long-term condition.

There are several types of GGO. These include:

The shape, size, quantity, and location of opacities will vary depending on the cause. Some conditions cause only one type, but others may cause a mixture.

The sections below will look at some potential causes in more detail.

Infections are common causes of GGO. Such infections include:

Pneumonia is a serious infection in the lungs. It can result from viruses, bacteria, or fungi. Most often, it occurs as a result of a viral illness, such as influenza (flu), measles, or respiratory syncytial virus.

The symptoms can vary depending on the cause, but they typically include:

Most cases of viral pneumonia improve on their own. Fluids, rest, and oxygen therapy may help.

Doctors treat bacterial and fungal pneumonia with medications.

A 2020 review and meta-analysis found that just over 83% of people with COVID-19-related pneumonia had GGO.

Another 2020 study in 54 participants found that GGO most commonly showed up in the lower lobes of the lungs as round opacities, but that as the disease progressed, it became more patchy and affected all lobes.

The symptoms of COVID-19 can include any of the following:

If a person has symptoms that could indicate COVID-19, they should remain at home, self-isolate from others, and seek information from their local authority about getting tested.

Learn more about COVID-19 symptoms and what to do if they occur here.

Pneumonitis, or inflammation in the lungs, can occur if a person inhales:

Certain drugs can also cause pneumonitis and accompanying GGO. Typically, this type of pneumonitis occurs shortly after a person begins taking a new drug.

The symptoms of hypersensitivity pneumonitis can include:

Other names for this condition include farmers lung and hot tub lung.

In the short term, doctors treat this condition by trying to identify and remove the trigger of a persons symptoms. The person may also require medications and oxygen therapy.

In the long term, the condition may cause chronic fatigue, weight loss, and irreversible scarring.

E-cigarettes and vaping devices contain nicotine concentrates, solvents, and other chemicals. These products can cause EVALI.

EVALI may cause numerous types of GGO, including crazy paving and reversed halo sign, to show up on a scan.

Vaping can also cause alveolar hemorrhage. There is more detail on this condition below.

Interstitial lung disease is an umbrella term that includes many different conditions. They all cause inflammation and scarring around the alveoli, lining of the lungs, and blood vessels.

These conditions could be due to an autoimmune disease, a connective tissue disorder, or toxin exposure.

The progression of interstitial lung disease varies from person to person depending on what caused it.

Symptoms vary from mild to severe. They may include:

Treatment aims to slow the progression of the condition. Doctors may use supplemental oxygen, anti-inflammatory drugs, or immunosuppressant drugs.

Pulmonary edema is the result of fluid collecting in the air spaces of the lungs. It can be due to several conditions, including heart failure and altitude sickness.

Symptoms include:

People with these symptoms should seek medical attention immediately, as sudden pulmonary edema can be an emergency.

Alveolar hemorrhage occurs when the blood vessels in the lungs become damaged, leading to bleeding.

It is a medical emergency that can result from numerous conditions, including autoimmune diseases, vasculitis, and bleeding disorders.

The symptoms can vary widely and may include:

Doctors treat most cases of alveolar hemorrhage with steroids to reduce inflammation and immunosuppressants to stop the immune system from damaging the blood vessels further.

Sometimes, GGO nodules in the lung can indicate cancer.

Lung cancer may not have pronounced symptoms in the early stages of the condition. However, a person should speak with their doctor if they experience:

Treatment varies according to the severity and type of cancer a person has. It may include chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation therapy.

After a doctor finds GGO in a CT scan or X-ray, they will take note of the size, shape, location, and distribution of the opacities to determine the likely cause.

They may also order more tests, such as:

They may also order electrocardiography and echocardiography to see if a persons lung problems could be the result of a heart condition.

Receiving test results can be worrying. Here are some questions that a person may wish to ask their doctor:

GGO can show up on an X-ray or CT scan of the lungs. It appears as hazy gray areas that can indicate a range of conditions.

Some causes of GGO may be benign and resolve on their own, while others may be chronic.

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Ground glass opacity: Causes, symptoms, and treatments - Medical News Today


Feb 16

Weight Loss and Obesity Management Market 2021 Size, Industry Growth, COVID-19 Analysis Report, Capacity, Production, Revenue, Regions, Players, and…

The growth of weight loss and obesity management market is attributed to the rising epidemic of obesity across the globe. According to the latest research by Future Market Insights (FMI), theglobal weight loss and obesity management marketis anticipated to reach a valuation of over US$ 4.9 Bn, by the end of 2028. The weight loss and obesity management market is expected to expand at a steady CAGR of 5.2%, over the forecast period of 2018-2028.

Developing Regions More Prone to Obesity & Other Comorbidities

Increasing number of cases of obesity and related comorbidities will lead to the growing adoption of drugs and devices for weight loss and obesity management, which will further fuel the growth of the global weight loss and obesity management market during the forecast period.

The weight loss and obesity management market is majorly driven by the rising prevalence of obesity. The rising epidemic of obesity presents a major challenge to disease prevention across the globe. It is estimated that by 2030, 38% of the worlds adult population will be overweight and around 20% will be obese. This obesity epidemic is more prevalent in the Middle East and the Asia Pacific regions where food import is quite high. Weight loss and obesity management are helpful in the treatment of highly critical obesity and comorbidities associated with it, such as diabetes, asthma, sleep apnea, and hypertension, etc.

Request a Sample Report with Table of Contents and Figures:https://www.futuremarketinsights.com/reports/sample/rep-gb-411

Increasing health consciousness is also cited as an important factor boosting the revenue growth of the global weight loss and obesity management market. Sizeable consumer population in developed regional markets will particularly continue to generate high demand for weight loss and obesity management practices, according to the report. Millennial and Generation-X consumers are gradually adopting advanced aesthetic services, including weight loss and obesity management, thereby creating adequate opportunities for manufacturers of weight loss and obesity management drugs and devices.

Key Vendors Targeting Extension of Product Portfolio

Leading companies operating in weight loss and obesity management market are majorly focusing on strengthening their product portfolio. Product line extensions help companies to launch newer products with unique features for specific indications. This results in an increased market share of companies in the highly competitive weight loss and obesity management market. In response to increasing demand from various healthcare professionals to effectively treat obesity with minimum long-term side effects, manufacturers are focusing on developing innovative and specific products.

Product innovation is expected to boost revenue and volume growth of the weight loss and obesity management market during the forecast period. For instance, an additional FDA patents approval for VIVUS, Inc.s Qsymia, for the covering compositions of Qsymia and covering methods for effecting weight loss using Qsymia (phentermine and topiramate).

Preview Analysis Global Weight Loss and Obesity Management Market Segmented By Product type (drugs, devices); By distribution sales (institutional sales, retail sales):https://www.futuremarketinsights.com/reports/weight-loss-and-obesity-management-market

However, the high cost involved in research and development of obesity drugs is a great challenge for the growth of the weight loss and obesity management market. Additionally, long gestation time required for research and developmental activities as well as the need for a number of essential clinical trials to test drugs adds up to significant expenditure. The limitations posed by high development cost of anti-obesity drugs might hinder the growth of the global weight loss and obesity management market. Moreover, the high cost of surgical procedures, such as gastric bypass surgery, adjustable gastric banding, gastric sleeve surgery and gastric balloon treatment, may also affect the growth of the global weight loss and obesity management market adversely.

The global weight loss and obesity management market is estimated based on product type, and distribution sales. Based on product type, the weight loss and obesity management market has been segmented into drugs and devices.

Drugs product type segment is further segmented into GLP-1 receptor agonists, lipase inhibitors, serotonin receptor agonist, a combination drug, and others. Devices product type segment is further segmented into liposuction devices, bariatric stapling devices, gastric band, gastric balloon systems, gastric emptying systems, and gastric electrical stimulation systems.

Devices segment is expected to hold maximum market share in the global weight loss and obesity management market. Based on distribution sales, the weight loss and obesity management market has been segmented into institutional sales and retail sales. In terms of revenue, institutional sales dominated the global weight loss and obesity management market in 2017.

Our advisory services are aimed at helping you with specific, customized insights that are relevant to your specific challenges. Let us know about your challenges and our trusted advisors will connect with you:https://www.futuremarketinsights.com/askus/rep-gb-411

Explore Wide-ranging Coverage of FMIsHealthcareMarket Insights Landscape

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About FMI

Future Market Insights (FMI) is a leading provider of market intelligence and consulting services, serving clients in over 150 countries.FMIis headquartered in Dubai, the global financial capital, and has delivery centers in the U.S. and India. FMIs latestmarket research reportsand industry analysis help businesses navigate challenges and make critical decisions with confidence and clarity amidst breakneck competition. Our customized and syndicated market research reports deliver actionable insights that drive sustainable growth. A team of expert-led analysts at FMI continuously tracks emerging trends and events in a broad range of industries to ensure that our clients prepare for the evolving needs of their consumers.

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Weight Loss and Obesity Management Market 2021 Size, Industry Growth, COVID-19 Analysis Report, Capacity, Production, Revenue, Regions, Players, and...


Feb 16

Introducing SoWell Health’s Weight Biology Kit, The First-Of-Its-Kind At-Home Test Of Your Personal Metabolic Biology, Including Insulin Resistance -…

Most people who struggle to manage their weight have something on the inside that's impacting their outside. SoWell Health has proven that understanding your metabolic health is a critical first step toward long-term weight loss, a step that's often ignored intraditional weight loss systems and solutions.

The team, led by Dr. Alexandra Sowa, developed this kit to help identify the biological roadblocks that are hindering a patient's metabolism, so they can pursue a weight loss solution that works with their body, not against it. After years of success with her own personal practice and a deep knowledge in the field of weight management and metabolic medicine, this kit is a culmination of Dr. Sowa's expertisedelivered straight to your doorstep.

"At SoWell, we understand that many Americans struggle with finding a weight loss solution that works best for their bodies," says Dr. Alexandra Sowa, Founder of SoWell Health. "At our practice, as much as 90% of our patients ultimately identify an undiagnosed metabolic condition that's impacting their weight. We wanted to find a way to scale our services and make the right kind of care more accessible to a wider range of patients on their wellness journey. Our science-based approach to weight management can help people nationwide eliminate the emotional stress, financial burden, and inconvenience of in-person doctor's visits when trying to lose weight and regain a healthy lifestyle."

The newly created Weight Biology Kit tests for an array of metabolic factors and metabolic conditions that often go unnoticed in traditional medicine and provides educational materials to help consumers nationwide understand their customized results.90% of patients find at least one metabolic condition impacting their weight, including: Insulin Resistance, Metabolic Syndrome, Unhealthy Cholesterol Levels, Pre-Diabetes or Type II Diabetes, Vitamin B12 Deficiency, Hypothyroidism, and more.

To learn more about SoWell Health and our Weight Biology Kits, visit getsowell.com.

About SoWell Health

SoWell Health's methodology is grounded in scientific research and aims to help people identify the biological roadblocks preventing them from managing their weight. From our start as a brick and mortar medical practice in New York City, SoWell Health transitioned to virtual medicine and scalable, accessible at-home testing to help thousands more patients live healthier lives. With a physician founder who specializes in metabolic medicine and weight loss management, SoWell Health recognizes that understanding one's metabolic health is a critical first step toward a long-term weight loss solution. The newly launched Weight Biology Kit is the firstand only at-home kit to test for the biological factors that make it difficult for you to manage your weight so that you can pursue weight loss solutions that work with your body, not against it.

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Introducing SoWell Health's Weight Biology Kit, The First-Of-Its-Kind At-Home Test Of Your Personal Metabolic Biology, Including Insulin Resistance -...


Feb 16

There are treatments for overactive bladder – Hays Daily News

Dr. Keith Roach M.D.| Hays Daily News

DEAR DR. ROACH: Is there a cure for overactive bladder? -- R.H.

ANSWER: The underlying reason for overactive bladder is not well understood, and although there are medications to treat symptoms, there is not a cure for the condition.

The main symptoms of overactive bladder are urinary symptoms, especially urgency (the need to go RIGHT AWAY), increased urinary frequency (this may include symptoms at night), and incontinence. Before considering medication, there are other treatments to try. These include weight loss if appropriate, pelvic floor exercises, bladder training and, in women, evaluation for vaginal atrophy. In men, it can sometimes be difficult to separate prostate symptoms from overactive bladder.

It may be treated with anticholinergic drugs such as oxybutynin. These are modestly effective, but can have side effects such as dry mouth. Recent studies have also implicated anticholinergic drugs as a possible factor in dementia. For these reasons, anticholinergic drugs are used only when necessary and at the lowest effective dose.

Another medicine option in the beta-3 drug mirabegron (Myrbetriq). It can increase blood pressure and should not be used in a person with uncontrolled high blood pressure. Otherwise it is safe and about as effective as the anticholinergic drugs.

Botulinum toxin and nerve stimulators are sometimes used in people can't take or tolerate the medication. Surgery is considered as a last resort.

DEAR DR. ROACH: I'm a 74-year-old man. A year ago, my triglyceride reading was 197. Two weeks ago, it was 301. After being pretty sedentary, I started walking 2 miles at least five days a week about eight months ago. I would think this would have caused my triglycerides to go down. A week before the blood test, my doctor had me taking prednisone for a chest infection. I read that prednisone may make triglycerides go up. Do you think this may have caused the big increase? -- G.C.

ANSWER: Prednisone, a glucocorticoid related to cortisone, has many effects on different tissues and metabolic processes. Some of the most important ones include increases in blood pressure and blood sugar, but when taken long term, it makes people susceptible to weight gain and adverse effects on the skin, and increases infection risk by suppressing inflammation.

It also may cause changes to the cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Fortunately, short-term use should not increase your risk of heart disease. Keep up your daily walking. A follow-up check of your cholesterol and triglycerides after finishing the prednisone is probably a good idea.

Reducing simple sugars and starches are the most important dietary changes to keep triglycerides down.

DEAR DR. ROACH: Is it advisable or inadvisable to take naproxen sodium at the time of COVID-19 vaccination to alleviate potential side effects of the vaccine? -- B.S.

ANSWER: Although some studies have shown that people who get a fever reducer such as acetaminophen (Tylenol) at the time of a vaccine have lower antibody titers, not all studies have shown this, and those that have still showed an adequate antibody level. Booster vaccines showed a "robust" response.

Having had the Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine myself and in observing many of my colleagues, I would say very few have had systemic side effects, such as fever, bad enough to be concerning. A sore arm has generally been the worst. Anecdotally, however, the second vaccine does seem to cause more side effects, perhaps a bit more than a typical flu vaccine but less than the new shingles vaccine.

If you have had side effects of this or other vaccines, taking acetaminophen, ibuprofen or naproxen beforehand is reasonable; otherwise, I would wait a few hours to see if you need one.

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There are treatments for overactive bladder - Hays Daily News


Feb 16

Powerlifting vs. Bodybuilding: Differences, Pros, and Cons – Healthline

Powerlifting and bodybuilding are sports that revolve around resistance training using weights.

If youre new to weight training in general, powerlifting and bodybuilding may seem remarkably similar.

While both sports rely on lifting weights, the goals within each sport are quite different.

This article compares powerlifting and bodybuilding, discusses their benefits and downsides, and provides tips on incorporating either into your fitness routine even if you dont plan to compete.

Powerlifting is a competitive sport that assesses your ability to lift the maximum weight possible for one repetition, commonly referred to as one rep max (1RM), using a barbell in the following three lifts:

From an exercise science standpoint, the goal of powerlifting is to generate the maximum amount of muscular force for the given movements.

In powerlifting competitions, three judges assign a pass-fail score to the technique for each lift. A passing score from at least two judges is needed for the lift to count.

Presuming you execute the lift according to proper technique standards, the sole measure of performance is your 1RM on each lift (1).

Your score is then calculated in terms of the absolute weight lifted and the weight lifted relative to your weight.

Powerlifting competition rules are usually broken down into raw and equipped, with equipped allowing special suits and knee wraps, while raw generally allows only a lifting belt and knee sleeves (1).

Since powerlifting focuses on 1RM performance in the squat, bench press, and deadlift, the training revolves around increasing strength in these movements.

Given that the goal is lifting the most amount of weight, powerlifters generally opt for the low-bar back squat variation, a medium-to-wide grip bench press, and either a standard or sumo-style deadlift (2).

When practiced over time, these lifting techniques allow you to lift the most amount of weight due to optimal leverage and recruitment of the largest muscles.

With the massive amount of weight your body must support to be effective at powerlifting, you need to train additional exercises in conjunction with your squat, bench, and deadlift.

These additional exercises are typically known as assistance exercises and primarily used to strengthen the muscles that assist in stabilizing during the main lifts, thereby helping avoid muscular imbalances and reducing the risk of injury.

For example, on a squat- or deadlift-focused day, an intermediate or advanced powerlifter might add the following exercises for additional glute and hamstring strengthening:

In general, powerlifters focus most of their efforts on lower repetition ranges of 15 reps with heavy weights and long rest periods to improve maximal strength.

In the long run, you may also have periods of training at higher rep ranges to maintain and increase muscle size. However, this is always in support of maximal strength performance in the three lifts and will not be present in every training cycle.

Powerlifting is a sport that revolves around lifting the most weight for a 1RM on the squat, deadlift, and bench press. Powerlifting training primarily focuses on lifting heavy weights for 15 repetitions.

Bodybuilding is a sport that judges competitors based on their overall physical appearance on competition day.

Bodybuilders pose onstage in speedos, bikinis, or other revealing outfits and receive a score based on muscle size, symmetry, and definition.

While posing for bodybuilding requires you to practice and perfect your routine, youre judged based on the aesthetic of your appearance, not on any measure of physical performance.

As a competitive bodybuilder, your goals are the following:

The overall purpose is to reveal the definition of your hard-earned muscle mass.

The judges will score you based on the criteria of the competition, as well as your appearance relative to the other competitors.

Certain bodybuilding competitions have different clothing requirements and may favor different overall looks from the competitors physiques.

Nevertheless, the primary drivers of victory in bodybuilding are size and muscle definition displayed through posing routines onstage.

Bodybuilding primarily relies on resistance training with barbells, dumbbells, and machine-based weights to maximize your muscle growth.

Since bodybuilding requires symmetrical growth in most of your major muscles, youll spend more time lifting weights in slightly higher repetition ranges, such as 815 reps, which stimulates more muscle growth than lower repetition sets.

While you still lift reasonably heavy weights, you lift slightly less weight than a powerlifting workout but do more overall repetitions.

The rest periods for these workouts tend to be somewhat shorter as well, roughly 12 minutes between sets.

Bodybuilding also requires more time spent on isolating muscle groups. For example, these exercises are frequently found in bodybuilding routines and less common in powerlifting:

While powerlifters may perform a few of these exercises in certain programs, bodybuilding almost always involves several isolation exercises per workout, in addition to higher repetitions of compound movements like squats and presses.

For long-term bodybuilding, youll eventually incorporate heavier training using lower repetitions and near-maximum weights. The purpose of heavier training in bodybuilding is to improve strength that eventually allows more high repetition training using heavier weights.

Ultimately, if you can lift a heavier weight for more repetitions, it will increase the overall muscle-building stimulus of your workout.

However, bodybuilding ultimately aims at increasing muscle growth itself via high repetition training.

Bodybuilding is a sport that focuses on maximizing muscle size and growth while minimizing body fat on competition day. Training for bodybuilding involves higher repetitions using medium-to-heavy weights and isolation movements.

Bodybuilding and powerlifting share some similarities and differences.

Both sports rely on weight training to succeed in competition.

However, the purpose of the weight training for each sport is different, which ultimately results in substantially differing workout programs over time, despite some overlapping methods.

For general fitness, both sports offer the benefits associated with resistance training.

Powerlifting training using heavy weights and lower repetitions is incredibly beneficial even for non-competitive lifters.

A few of the potential benefits of powerlifting training are meeting performance-based goals and increased functional strength and bone density.

Using heavy weights for low reps is effective for improving maximal strength, including increasing bone and connective-tissue density.

Studies have shown that lifting close to your 1RM during training provides the greatest stimulus to bone and tissue growth, compared with training at a lower intensity (3).

Given that the movements used in powerlifting develop maximal strength across the biggest muscles in your body, powerlifting can improve your overall functional strength for performing day-to-day activities.

In particular, heavy squats and deadlifts build the strength and core stability required to avoid throwing out your back while bending over or standing up, especially as you get older.

While improving your health or appearance may be your primary motivator for training, having performance-based fitness goals is a good way to stay motivated while striving to meet your long-term goals, such as improving your health.

Powerlifting focuses on measurable performance improvements regarding how much weight youre lifting.

The positive feeling of getting measurably stronger week-to-week or even month-to-month is incredibly rewarding and helps break up the monotony of simply going to the gym.

Not everyone is motivated by numerical improvements in the weight they lift. However, if youre someone who enjoys the feeling of measurably improving at an activity, powerlifting is a great training option.

You dont need to be an aspiring bodybuilding champion to take advantage of the benefits of bodybuilding. Its an excellent way to build muscle and improve your fitness, even as a non-competitive individual.

While bodybuilding and powerlifting training techniques overlap at times, the main benefits of bodybuilding include building muscle, focusing on nutrition, and incorporating more aerobic exercise.

Bodybuilding training using medium-to-heavy weights for 812 repetitions and multiple sets per muscle group is the best method to build muscle mass (4).

Even if youre not interested in a more athletic physique, increasing your muscle mass offers many health benefits.

It has been linked to improved insulin sensitivity, reductions in blood fat and body fat levels, and a higher resting metabolic rate (5).

Resistance training may delay, offset, or even reverse age-related muscle loss, all of which are important for older adults who want to maintain their health, strength, and quality of life well into their golden years (6).

Given that the sport of bodybuilding requires competitors to reach exceptionally low body fat percentages, nutrition is a key aspect of all bodybuilding training.

While all sports at high performance levels involve nutritional considerations, diet and nutrition are integral components of bodybuilding training and culture.

The focus on healthy eating, macronutrient and micronutrient considerations, and monitoring calorie intake benefit anyone interested in improving their overall diet.

Aerobic exercise (cardio) is vital for any well-rounded fitness program. However, in the sport of powerlifting, cardio is often left out, as it may hinder improvements in maximal strength (7).

On the other hand, bodybuilders often incorporate cardio to increase calorie expenditure to help burn body fat, particularly during cutting periods.

Regardless of the motivation for doing cardio, a combination of aerobic and resistance training is the core of any good health-centered fitness program.

Powerlifting and bodybuilding training improve multiple health and lifestyle outcomes, even for non-competitive individuals.

While powerlifting and bodybuilding training can benefit nearly anyone looking to improve their health, there are a few potential shortcomings in both sports.

These issues primarily affect athletes pursuing the sports at the highest level, and theyre trade-offs that elite competitors must make. Still, its important to be aware of them.

The biggest downside to both sports is that they focus heavily on a singular aspect of fitness.

In the case of powerlifting, the goal is maximal strength in the three main lifts.

For bodybuilding, the goal is maximal muscle growth and minimimal body fat.

While most people are better off being stronger, more muscular, and leaner, these are far from the only considerations for overall health and well-being.

For powerlifting, the neglect of cardio exercise, and in certain cases, lack of overall balanced nutrition, may harm your health.

If you use powerlifting as your primary fitness activity and arent planning to compete, consider adding some cardio and ensuring you maintain a healthy diet.

Meanwhile, the focus on physical appearance in bodybuilding may lead to muscle dysmorphia, a psychological disorder characterized by being preoccupied with the idea that your body isnt lean and muscular enough (8).

This disorder causes emotional distress that may harm your overall quality of life. In some cases, it may lead to engaging in unhealthy behaviors, such as using anabolic steroids, leading to potentially serious health issues (9).

If youre interested in gaining muscle or burning fat for aesthetic purposes, be aware of your overall mental and physical health. No amount of muscle gain is worth jeapordizing your long-term health and well-being.

The best method for maintaining overall fitness is alternating between periods of resistance training and aerobic exercise, as well as maintaining a healthy diet.

Competitive bodybuilding and powerlifting focus on singular goals and may neglect other aspects of overall fitness. If youre simply looking to improve your fitness, be sure to alternate between training styles and incorporate some cardio exercise.

Powerlifting and bodybuilding are both sports that rely on resistance training using barbells, dumbbells, and other resistance equipment.

While the sports share many similarities, the competitive performance goals are quite different.

Powerlifting focuses on maximal strength in the three big barbell lifts, while bodybuilding is about maximizing muscle mass and reducing body fat to extreme levels.

Each sport may offer many health benefits, but there are also downsides to consider, mainly around the singular focus in each sport at the competitive level.

However, if you incorporate powerlifting or bodybuilding training into an overall balanced fitness routine, you can reap the benefits and significantly improve your strength and overall fitness.

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Powerlifting vs. Bodybuilding: Differences, Pros, and Cons - Healthline


Feb 10

How to Lose Weight and Still Eat What You Love By a Nutritionist – The Beet

When was the last time you tried a new diet and felt great, got to eat what you loved, and successfully lost weight? It may have never happened. Most diets leave you feeling hungry, deprived and then when you inevitably "cheat" and eat satisfying food, you end up defeated.

Yet it is possible to fill up on healthy, satisfying foods, have energy, and successfully lose weight, according to nutrition expert Nicole Osinga, a Registered Dietician who created The VegStart Diet as a way of helpingyou lose weight the healthy way, while still eating what you love, and filling up on plant-based meals and snacks that are so full of healthy ingredients, energizing antioxidants and filling fiber, that you never feel deprived, hungry or sluggish, and you lose weight in a sustainable way that makes it easy to keep it off.

Last week,we hosted Osinga on Facebook Live to discuss the health benefits of a plant-based diet, weight loss, and everything you need to know about our most popular meal plan,The VegStart Diet.

Osinga, a well-known nutritionist, created healthy, filling, low-calorie recipesfor the VegStartDiet, which are designed to help you lose weight while eating the foods you love, like pasta and bread, comfort food like soup, and even tasty sweet or crunchy snacks. The recipes are delicious, as confirmed by the 1.2million TikTok viewers who loved the Roasted Carrot and White Bean Soup. Osingadoesn't believe in extreme dieting andconsiders The VegStart a "sustainable weight loss program," so there's no worry of going hungry.

The program also includes a full meal plan with breakfast, lunch, and dinner, and snacks for Monday through Sunday,helpful shopping lists, and expert tips, plus a supportive community group, and live videos with Osinga so you can ask her one-on-one questions.

Aside from the diet questions, Osinga speaks the truth about the importance ofindulgences like wine, chocolate, and desserts. She shared her go-to cheat meals, how totreat yourself the healthy way, plus the tastiest plant-based proteins, and the most useful ingredients that everyone should have on hand. If this is your first approach to a plant-baseddiet or you started eating plant-based a while back, when meat alternatives weren't around, you probably have a lot of questions. Here are the top questions about weight loss and plant-based dieting,explained and answered by Nicole Osinga.

Nicole Osinga RD:I don't believe in extremes. I believe in sustainable changes. I have a lot of conversations with people today about this topic. If we're looking to lose weight, The VegStart diet program is designed for weight loss but certainly, everyone's individual needs are different. The diet focuses on sustainable weight loss that is still going to keep you feeling satisfied and meet your nutrition needs because we don't want to become nutrient deficient when we're sort of trying to follow something.There's definitely a lifestyle change aspect to the diet if you're not plant-based already.

Nicole Osinga RD:It's a great evidence-based way of eating that has been shown to reduce the risk of various conditions like cardiovascular diseases, and a number of cancers. I'm working part-time at the hospital in the cancer care clinics. So, I deal with people often who have various diagnoses and Irecommend those patients eatplant-based foods.

Nicole Osinga RD:It might be overwhelming to find different ways to cook those plant-based proteins and how to incorporate them into your family's meals, but find those proteins you like and focus on incorporating them into your diet.

Nicole Osinga RD: Probably my favorite is tempeh, followed by tofu which is a big one, and edamame...I love the ease of cooking it like typically I buy it frozen. I might just thaw it or put it in like a stir fry.

Nicole Osinga RD: I'd have to say basil and oregano. Those are definitely my go-to spices. I also love paprika, cumin, and cinnamon. I certainly have a sweet tooth so I like to add cinnamon into my overnight oats. I like the smoky flavors of cumin and paprika on my tempeh.

Nicole Osinga RD: I take a B12 supplement and an iron supplement. I mean, just because you follow a plant-based doesn't mean you're going to be low in iron, but I'm a runner as well. I'm a female of childbearing age. So, I'm sort of at a higher risk for iron deficiency. But you can also get the B12 from nutritional yeast and plant-based milk instead of taking a supplement.Sometimes I will takea plant-based omega-3 supplement, but again, you can get omega-3s in flaxseeds, chia seeds, and walnuts. The bottom line is, you certainly don't have to supplement, you can get enough nutrients through food but those are just ones I take for extra assurance.

Nicole Osinga RD: Whenever we're enjoying desserts, I call them fun meals. They sure don't have a ton of nutrients as our other meals do, but whenever we're enjoying them, eat them without guilt because if we have guilt we won't have acceptance then that's when it turns into you eating the whole bag of chips or chocolates. When we feel good about eating something we're likely to acknowledge it quicker. I normally say to aim for 90% regular meals and 10% fun meals. It's ok to have three fun meals per week, and the rest should be healthy meals. Definitely leave some room for un!

Nicole Osinga RD: The biggest thing you want to do is to feel sated. Of course, you want to meet those nutrient needs because we're not going to hit those long-term weight loss goals if we're feeling deprived. Whatever changes you're going to make, just make sure you can sustain them. I see so many people in my practice that are yo-yo dieters give up. That cycle is going to continue if we do things that are so, so restrictive. I saw someone yesterday in my practice who was eating one meal a day, just, that's it. That system worked for them, but, for most people, that's not going to besustainable.

Nicole Osinga RD: Not necessarily. If you're eating a whole food plant-based diet, you're eating beans and tofu for protein, and tofu costs $1 or $2 for a block, and you can get beans for less than a dollar. If you live in a warmer climate you obviously have better access to fresh produce all year round, but it's okay if to use frozen produce like I do because I live in Canada. I think it's cheaper to eat plant-based and it's a great way to save money.

Nicole Osinga RD: Just keep going. The best part is, you can keep mixing those recipes into your day-to-day routine anduse those lessons and tips you learned from TheVegStart diet. If you started meal prepping and planning, keep going with that. The calorie level of the diet is around 1,400 a day and if that works for you, continue doing that buy you can always make modifications to the recipes. I would recommend making more plant-based meals. The Beetposts new recipes every day so you know where you can get them. Try to make a plant-based diet part of your lifestyle.

Nicole Osinga RD:Personally, when I first went plant-based, about 10 years ago or so, I had a slow transition but it only took a month after eating this way to feel a noticeable difference.

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How to Lose Weight and Still Eat What You Love By a Nutritionist - The Beet


Feb 10

[Full text] A Bidirectional View of Migraine and Diet Relationship | NDT – Dove Medical Press

Introduction

Interest in headache1 is potentially as old as recorded human history. With all the advancements in understanding and management of headaches over the years, headache in general has remained a major complaint for which patients feel an urge for a medical consult. Costs related to headaches are high and are classified as direct (medical care) and indirect costs (loss of productivity). Therefore, if headaches can be diagnosed correctly and earlier, and if they can be managed properly, the burden to patients and societies will be dramatically reduced.

Based on the latest version of the headache classification, migraine is a form of primary headaches,2 ranked among the most disabling medical conditions.3 Number four of the Trndelag Health Survey (HUNT4 study) revealed that 18.1% of the studied population had active migraine.4 Migraine is characterized by headache attacks and associated symptoms presented in a multiphasic nature,5 where both peripheral nervous system and central nervous systems are considered involved.5,6 The recurrent nature of migraine and the fact that it can be triggered,7 have provided a key feature to explore internal and external triggers and through those, to study the mechanisms underlying the disorder. This phenomenon has also presented a unique opportunity to modify triggering factorsthose that can be modifiedto reduce intensity of migraine and how often it occurs. This concept is attractive, as it has been found that lifestyle factors,8 such as diet,9 can trigger migraine, and lifestyle modifications,10 for example diet modifications, and nutraceutical interventions11 have collectively shown beneficial effects in patients with migraine. Considering these options is important, because despite remarkable advancement in understanding of the pathogenesis of migraine and targeting migraine by the novel therapeutic options,6 challenges remain related to sufficient efficacy, and desirable safety, and the fact that nonresponders are present.12 In addition, a number of individuals with migraine are continuously searching for natural and device- or drug-free interventions outside of the typical therapeutic options. In this line, functional medicine approach to manage migraine has been proposed as a potential tool. This approach considers individual's genetic, biochemical, and lifestyle factors to construct plans for personalized treatment. Functional medicine consists of timeline, matrix, and the therapeutic lifestyle factors (for example, sleep, exercise, diet, and stress). Within this framework, functional food can also be defined for migraine. Generally, a food is defined functional if it is satisfactorily demonstrated to affect beneficially one or more target functions in the body, beyond adequate nutritional effects in a way that is relevant either to an improved state of health and well-being and/or reduction of risk of disease.13 Functional food has been tested to identify if it can exert beneficial effects for several diseases, for example for metabolic syndrome.14 This syndrome consists of several metabolic disorders (eg, high levels of fasting glucose and obesity) and enhances the risks of other diseases, for example stroke, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases.14 Interestingly, migraine has also been recognized as a disorder related to metabolic imbalance, and that highlights a potential for functional food for migraine.15 William Amery in 1982, provided the first evidence that the metabolism is linked to the pathogenesis of migraine.16 Recent studies investigating metabolic alterations in migraine have proposed that a mismatch seems to exist between brain energy sources and the consumption of the sources,17 and have linked this energy deficit to mitochondrial dysfunction in migraine.18 It is hypothesized that energy-reserve deficit alone or combined with an overload of sensory input could activate the trigeminovascular system in the cascade of pathophysiological events in migraine.18 Based on this, a metabolic treatment of migraine has been proposed.17,19

While identification of dietary triggers and dietary interventions for migraine prevention are profound in the literature, the concept of dietary choices, and pattern of diet in migraine patients have been investigated less.20,21 The idea that mechanisms underlying migraine pathogenesis might influence dietary choices is valuable, but has sporadically been discussed.20,21 Epidemiological findings have demonstrated that choice of diet by individuals with migraine is different compared with individuals without migraine. Potential reasons for such difference have been explained by several factors, for example, contribution of neurotransmitters such as serotonin and orexin, hormones, and state of aura.21 A potential bidirectional relationship (Figure 1), where migraine influences food intake, and consumed food affects the manifestations of migraine, needs further investigation. Within this framework, investigation of the gutbrain axis contribution seems highly valuable.21

Figure 1 A potential bidirectional relationship between migraine and diet.

In the following sections, some examples from the current literature are presented to highlight what we already know about the effects of diet on migraine and the effects of migraine on dietary choices, and what remains unknown to stimulate further research. Therefore, the purpose of this targeted review is not to provide a comprehensive systematic review of the current literature on the role of diet in migraine; since several excellent reviews are already available (eg,9,2226). PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases were searched for studies using keywords of diet, migraine, food, and lifestyle with the aim of providing the current overview, and a viewpoint to the potential future directions. The ultimate goal is to form testable scientific hypotheses for future investigation of the bidirectional relationship of migraine and diet.

Studies that have investigated whether and how the consumption of dietary components can influence the manifestations of migraine are abundant. The potential role of dietary triggers, contribution of the immune system, metabolic systems, and the gutbrain axis contribution are among the examples focused on the effect of diet on migraine. The other direction, where migraine might also influence the food intake, has been less investigated. Presence of aura,2729 some neurotransmitters involved in pathogenesis of migraine (eg, serotonin,30,31 and orexin32), hormones (eg insulin33), and level of adiocytokines34 have been proposed to influence the choice of diet by affected individuals in terms of content, pattern, and amount of food intake.21 Several familiar and unknown factors can potentially influence this bidirectional relationship. These include, but are not limited to, gender, age, and geographical locations.9,24,3537

A large number and diverse range of factors (eg, dietary factors) with a high degree of heterogeneity have been reported capable of triggering migraine.38 For example, stress has been shown to exacerbate migraine, and having or expecting a migraine can negatively affect stress level of affected individuals. Menstrual migraine is a typical example of the link between hormones and migraine. Sleep and migraine have also been found interrelated where sleep disturbances aggravate migraine. Other environmental factors such as intense light, strong odors and high altitude have also been reported to influence migraine.39 Consequently, long lists of recommendations exist for avoiding potential triggers or coping strategies in order to prevent migraine or subsiding its frequency and severity; hence, enhancing the quality of life in affected patients.40

A meta-analysis of available studies for headache triggers has summarized data from 27,122 participants from 85 articles published between 1958 and 2015, and has provided 420 triggers.41 86% of the included participants in this meta-analysis had the minimum of one trigger for their headaches. Findings from this study highlighted that stress was the most prevalent trigger.41 Heterogeneity, however, was high and intra- and interindividual variations among trigger frequency and potency were also profound.41 Knowledge of migraine triggers can help in improving the management, coping, and care for migraine; but studying migraine triggers is not challenge-free. Using smartphone-based dairy studies that use ecological momentary assessment systems, has presented fatigue, sensory sensitivity, negative affect, specific foods, menstruation, and yawning as the most frequent triggers of migraine.4244 Correct understanding of trigger perception has been discussed by Turner et al45 to highlight how important are the behavioral changes in response to a headache trigger that is perceived by patients as a precipitating factor. An example is the avoidance of bright light if the individual with migraine perceives it as a migraine trigger. This controlling avoidance behavior may influence the scope of individual activities, and can negatively influence the quality of life.40,46,47 Perhaps that is why coping strategies are prioritized to avoidance strategies, in general.47

Collectively, the current ultimate recommendation for individuals with migraine has pointed to the value of maintaining an appropriate and healthy lifestyle.48 Lifestyle can be defined as the controlled behavior and activities of a person and many activities, habits, and practices involve risk factors. The contribution of dietary factors within the lifestyle modification has been recognized; however, proposed beneficial changes in lifestyle, consider a broader spectrum to not only include dietary aspects, but also monitoring of exercise, sleep, and stress.49

It has been proposed that modification of lifestyle might prevent migraine, which in turn would decrease the burden to individual patients, and health-related costs.50 However, due to the complexity of migraine, as a multidimensional disorder, and also the complexity of designing studies to test how dietary factors can influence migraine,49 inconsistency exists in the literature, ranging from a limited importance of dietary modification for migraine to some promising effects. Cross-sectional studies have been important in providing an overview of potential triggers;51 however, if the goal is to prove (or falsify) that a causal or a bidirectional relationship exists in the dietmigraine interaction, prospective studies with proper control groups must be designed that are also longitudinal in nature. For example, age of onset is extremely important.51 A migraine patient passes through different phases in an age span, from pediatric to geriatric migraines, for example. Puberty has been shown linked with migraine and migraine that occurs before puberty differs from post-puberty migraine. Several factors such as alteration in lifestyle, habits, and hormonal levels have been proposed to shape this evolution from pre- to post-puberty. A recent study52 has investigated this evolution in a selected pre-pubertal patients who were diagnosed with migraine. Researchers in this study collected medical records, migraine manifestations, and lifestyle-related factors, at baseline and at the two-year follow-up. Nineteen patients (migraine with aura: 27.5%) were recruited. The results of this study demonstrated that migraine accompanying symptoms changed with a significantly higher prevalence of dizziness, vertigo, mood changes, confusion, and allodynia.52 Prodromal symptoms became more prevalent, where sleep disturbances and schedule changes showed a significant increase as migraine triggers. Interestingly, at baseline, food was triggered at 11% of cases, but after two years, it went down to zero. Another study on the participants aged above 16, has also identified the appearance of new triggers over time. For example, new factors, including pain in neck, consumption of alcohol, hormonal changes, and smoking were notified.53 These studies provide valuable information that migraine triggers show changes during puberty, and new triggers can appear together with changes in habits along with physical and lifestyle changes, which collectively highlight attention to a potential dynamic pathological process that deserves further investigation. These studies also present a valuable point that besides studying dietary factors other daily lifestyle features, for example how a patient sleeps, makes a workrest balance, and deals with stressful situations are important to observe and note, because these factors are often interrelated and can influence each other directly or through indirect interactions. Comorbid conditions, such as other neurological, psychological, or cardiovascular disorders are also important and influential, because patients, influenced by those conditions, might follow a special lifestyle, including certain diets.1 For example, those who are diabetic or have a heart disease may follow a vegan diet for its beneficial effects,54,55 and some migraine patients might be on a vegan diet for comorbidy or other reasons.

A systematic review from 202022 has summarized the findings from 43 studies that have investigated and reported dietary patterns (11 studies), triggers (20 studies), and dietary interventions (12 studies) in patients with migraine.22 Level of evidence was determined as low level, because the authors identified that >50% of the studies were cross-sectional or patient surveys. Caffeine and alcohol were found as major triggers that could increase migraine frequency.22 Several dietary interventions were also reviewed, for example, elimination diets, low-fat diet, and ketogenic diet that presented promising results in managing migraine.22 However, this review did not present a choice or a favorable, so-called migraine diet, due to lack of qualified and sufficient information.

Elimination diets can be based on a diary for identification of triggers, or based on tests for the IgG-positive food, both strategies to limit those triggers. When participants were tested for antibodies against 266 foods and individually eliminated those foods that they had positive tests for, a reduction of 29% in migraine days was found.56 This study was, however, a small cross-sectional study, with some limitations. Another study, which was designed as a randomized controlled trial, eliminated those foods from diets of migraine patients who participated and were positive for certain food-related antibodies. When headache days were determined after four weeks on the elimination diet, a 19% reduction was found.57

Dietary interventions have mostly been investigated in a small population with no proper control group, hence results are heterogeneous and a sharp conclusion cannot be made. For example, a diet high in carbohydrate and low in tryptophan was tested in a group of seven patients and showed beneficial to subside headaches. The authors proposed that the positive effect has been apparently due to a mixture of lower intake of food that could trigger headache and also elevated levels of serotonin following the tested diet.58

Dietary lipids were investigated afterwards, because it was proposed that a diet high in lipids could cause headache following a potential lowering of serotonin levels in plasma that might be a result of higher platelet aggregation.59 A diet with a very low level of lipids (~20 g per day), therefore, was proposed to prevent headaches.60 A randomized, crossover trial reported in 201561 that low lipid compared with moderate lipid dietary intake could subside occurrence of migraine and headache intensity. It has also been reported that the dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet could diminish the intensity of headache and duration in migraine.62 This particularly points to the importance of migraine comorbidities, and how dietary factors can influence an overall well-being of the affected patient.

Supplementation by a diverse range of vitamins and minerals has been reported beneficial for migraine. For example, based on a review from 2018, vitamin D, vitamin B2, vitamin B12, magnesium, carnitine, and niacin have reduced frequency of magnesium, carnitine, and niacin have reduced frequency of migraines.63

Even though beneficial effects of these dietary interventions have been reported in the literature,22 one must consider that individual patients may require special needs that importantly points towards the concept of precision medicine in migraine.64 Including larger cohorts of patients and considering follow-ups of longer duration could help in properly examining the effect of dietary interventions, a point to be considered in the future investigations. In this line, patient adherence and age influence on diet choices and dietary patterns emphasize the value of long-term assessments. However, plan, design, and conduct of long-term studies are difficult and several intractable factors need to be considered and integrated into the assessments. At present, comparisons between studies remain difficult because age, gender, cultural, and religious variations among different studied populations have largely been ignored. Gender of affected individuals is an important factor to consider,51 because changes in hormonal concentrations, for example plasma estrogen concentrations, have shown an association with migraine.65 Alternatively, dietary intakes that can alter estrogen activity to a lower level have been shown beneficial for premenstrual symptoms.66 Therefore, low fat, high fiber, or vegan diets, might help some patients, for example those who have menstrual migraines. In fact, a study67 has tested this hypothesis, by investigating the effects of a four-week low-fat vegan diet in migraine. Overall, headache severity, headache days and frequency subsided, but this study has some limitations in design preventing drawing a sharp conclusion.67 Besides linking beneficial effects of a vegan diet to a low fat content, and lowering estrogen activity, several other mechanisms have been proposed, for example antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of plant-based food. Since an involvement of neurogenic inflammation in migraine68 has been suggested, this might be an explanation. In addition, dairy products (eg, cheese) and meat49 are not present in a vegan diet and these components have often been reported as migraine triggers in the literature.69,70 Therefore, absence of these components in a vegan diet might exert an anti-inflammatory effect against migraine.

Weight loss has been reported beneficial in migraine,71,72 although open questions remain in the field due to design and studied populations in the current literate. A proof of concept study in 2015 presented that weight loss could result in symptom improvement.73 Based on a pilot study published in 2019,11 enhancing the quality of diet and maintaining a healthy weight, could improve some clinical features of migraine. In this open, and nonrandomized study, women with migraine received an individualized diet plan, which was based on a professional nutritional diagnosis. This study was first to provide evidence that diet quality and maintaining a healthy weight are important,11 not the weight loss per se. This means that for underweight patients a weight gain might be the successful strategy, while for overweight patients, a weight reduction strategy would provide beneficial effects on migraine.11

Bond et al74 designed a study to test if two different strategies for weight loss would be comparable or different. Migraine patients who were overweight or obese women (a population considered to be most affected by obesityrelated migraine risks)35,75,76 were included and divided into two groups. One group received a behavioral weight loss (BWL) that included both exercise and diet, and the other group received educational instructions on migraine. Findings from this study showed that both groups benefited from a reduction in headaches following the two strategies and there was no significant difference between the groups. This study presented that independent of the type of strategy; strategies for weight loss might be beneficial for this special population.

According to a systematic review and meta-analysis77 that has summarized and compared two strategies for weight loss, it was revealed that independent of technique, weight loss could reduce headache severity, frequency, duration, and associated disabilities. Therefore, weight loss was highlighted as the critical factor, not the amount of weight reduction, or the strategies that were used to achieve the loss.77 In fact, the obesity and migraine link has been a matter of investigation for a while. The fundamental questions are, do people with migraine gain weight because of migraine related disability? Or does obesity lead to greater migraine frequency? In other words, which comes first, obesity or migraine. Results are mixed in the literature. Winter et al in 201278 found that among 19,162 middle-aged women, those with migraine had a significantly higher risk to shift towards being overweight or obese. The risk was not different for women with or without aura.78 Age plays a role in obesitymigraine interactions,79 because age affects the body mass index (BMI), distribution of body fat, hormones, and prevalence of migraine. Reported in 2020, the HUNT3 (the third population-based Nord-Trndelag Health Study)80 showed that a greater association exists between migraine and obesity in younger adults, ie, those >50 years old, still within the reproductive age. Therefore, one must consider that in the study by Winter et al,78 where middle-aged women were included, other risk factors might have played a role.

A meta-analysis81 of 12 studies, including data from 288,981, demonstrated that body composition is a critical factor. When pooled data were adjusted for age and sex in this analysis, an increase risk of migraine (27%) was identified in obese vs normal weight and was not lost even after multivariate adjustments. The risk was shown slightly elevated (13%) in underweight vs normal weight and again it was not changed even after application of multiple adjustments. Therefore, it seems based on these results, that obesity and being underweight could enhance risk of migraine.81 An increased risk of migraines in underweight and obese women vs normal weight was presented in 2015 by Ornello et al.82 However, pre-obese subjects did not show any increasing risk.82

Multiple underlying mechanisms for the impact of obesity on migraine have been proposed, one of which is a neurometabolic impact.18 This has been based on reports in the literature that metabolic factors can trigger migraine, for example, fasting/hypoglycemia, dehydration, stress, alcohol, and lack of sleep. These factors have been found linked to reduced brain energy levels in migraine patients. It has been proposed that these triggers could reduce mitochondrial function, ATP generation, cellular glucose transport, and lipid oxidation, promote neuroinflammation (neuronal and glial signaling modulation), and astrocytic signaling.18,19 These mechanisms are also linked to increased cortical excitability that has been proposed in migraine pathophysiology.83 The review by Gross et al18 in 2019, summarized the available literature on the metabolic changes in migraine and how those changes can contribute in pathophysiology and being potential targets for treatments. One important feature in this context is that nutritional intervention to improve nutrient metabolism, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress, can eventually improve migraine.18 This has shed light on the concept of obesity and migraine. Observations have provided evidence that the hypothalamus which is the first station for detecting of changes in peripheral energy status, is involved in migraine pathogenesis.84 Interestingly, it has been found that hypothalamic astrocytes have distinct responses to nutrients, ie fatty acid and glucose metabolism coupling.85 In addition, it has been found that different brain cells utilize, store, and modify their response to lipids. L-carnitine, which transports fatty acids into the mitochondria, where those are oxidized to produce ATP, has shown efficacy in blunting migraine.86 In contrast, saturated high-fat diets leading to obesity, promote metabolic dysfunction, depressive like behavior, and neuroinflammation.87 This has led to applying a strategy in which targeting obesity could suppress neuroinflammation and consequently block the depressive symptoms. Interestingly, increased mood disorders have been seen in migraine patients, so these basic research findings are clarifying some underlying mechanisms that might share commonalities in obesity, migraine, and mental health.88

The concept that migraine might be a response to low brain energy level or uncompensated oxidative stress,89 has brought the ketogenic diet back into attention.90 This diet acts in a similar way to fasting, where ketone bodies are elevated and can be used as an alternative source of energy to correct abnormalities in glucose metabolism reported in migraine. Some reports, including a proof of concept study,73 have demonstrated beneficial effects of a ketogenic diet to reduce migraine frequency. Recently, an alternative method has been considered to apply exogenous ketogenic substances.91 This means to provoke nutritional ketosis with ketogenic substances, for example, beta-hydroxybutyrate (HB) salts.91 A recent review90 summarized the potential mechanisms underlying the effect of ketone bodies and presented those as signaling molecules that can interfere with pathways involved in migraine pathophysiology.90 For example, ketogenic substances can reverse mitochondrial dysfunction, subside oxidative stress, reduce cerebral excitability, or lower the inflammation.90 Even though an extensive amount of work has been done in animals, clinical research is lacking to validate the findings as if these protective effects of ketone bodies (KBs) would also be present in patients with migraine. Supplementation with HB without a strict dietary change is under investigation91 and could help provide evidence and address those open questions.

Diet-induced obesity has been shown to reduce brain fatty acid uptake.92,93 This has opened up a concept that obesity could enhance deficits in brain energy reserves and metabolism that characterize migraine. Within this concept, omega-3 fatty acid supplementation has shown antidepressive action and reduced migraine frequency.94 Fish oil supplementation in obese mice95 has shown reduction in metabolic and anxiodepressive effects of diet-induced obesity and related alterations in the composition of brain lipid. Further investigation is required in humans, as mood, food, and obesity have been found interrelated in a complex interaction.96 In addition, it is still not known whether a migraineobesity association is different in females and males, in different ages, and in different subtypes of migraine, considering mood disorders and emotional behaviors in humans.

As the evidence continues to accumulate, it is suggested that physicians recommend weight loss to their patients who have comorbid obesity. This is because weight loss has proven to improve sleep, mood, and other factors that increase susceptibility for having more frequent or severe migraine attacks. Lifestyle changes overlap with migraine and can be beneficial in migraine management, in particular when migraine is comorbid with other conditions, such as depression. There are lifestyle modification approaches for obesity. For example, according to Wadden et al,97 diet, exercise, and behavioral therapy were major determinants of lifestyle modification, where a reduced-calorie diet and a high level physical activity could yield a long-term weight loss.97 Based on a recent review,26 diets that promote weight loss, such as the ketogenic diet, and low-calorie diets, could be considered beneficial for those headache patients who are obese. In addition, lowering intake of omega-6 and intake of higher amount of omega-3 in this group can be advantageous. However, another review9 has emphasized that the net outcome depends on several factors, for example, age, gender, genetic predisposition, and environmental factors. Therefore, in order to provide evidence-based dietary recommendations for migraine, we need to consider these influential factors in study designs. In addition, the more we know about the mechanisms leading to migraine, the better we can investigate different factors, including dietary factors, which can interfere with those mechanisms. Future research is needed to provide evidence of whether diet can be a disease-modifying agent for migraine, and how. Considering the big picture, this would also enable personalized recommendations that - are in line with biopsychosocial considerations in targeting migraine.

In addition, one must consider that if comorbidities exist with migraine, dietary modification might be beneficial in controlling the condition. For example, several studies have highlighted a solid link between migraine and gastrointestinal diseases, in particular, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). For review see Camara-Lemarroy et al.98

The gutbrain axis is a term to describe a potential two-way relationship between the gut and the brain. The gutbrain axis might potentially explain the existing link between IBS and migraine.98 Evidence is accumulating on the role of gutbrain axis in several neurological disorders, and migraine is not an exemption, where this has been reviewed in a recent review.99 However, we still do not know how the gut and the brain may interact in migraine.99 Several mechanisms have been proposed,100 for example, composition of gut microbiota, proinflammatory substances such as interleukins, neuropeptides (eg, calcitonin gene-related peptide; CGRP), hormones, and dietary components.101

In a recent metagenome-wide association study (MWAS),102 fecal samples of elderly women with migraine have been compared with matched controls to determine if gut microbiota is associated with migraine. Results showed that patients and controls are different in terms of diversity of species in the gut. Clostridium species (an unhealthy composition) were significantly higher in the migraine group. However, a healthy composition (eg, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, and Methanobrevibacter smithii) were profound in controls. Patients also presented a diminished metabolic function of the gut compared with the controls.102 These findings may pave the way toward diagnosis, prognosis, and response to treatment strategies, or point to a novel therapeutic target. Based on the results,102 and to maintain healthy composition of the gut microbiota, proper probiotics have been suggested to correct dysbiosis in migraine patients. The concept of using probiotics for maintaining well-being is not new,103 however, identification of the role of probiotics in minimizing neuroinflammation, a mechanism proposed for migraine,104 has attracted attention toward the use of probiotics for alleviating migraine attacks.105,106 In patients with episodic and chronic migraine, a multispecies probiotic supplement has been investigated to identify a potential beneficial effect and profile of inflammatory markers.106 Findings revealed that probiotic supplementation could reduce the frequency and severity of migraine attacks. In addition, patients had a lower number of migraine days in the month and consumed a lower number of drugs to stop migraine headaches.106 According to the findings by Sensenig et al, mineral and vitamins added into a probiotic regimen for 12 weeks could result in a remarkable improvement in headache in 60% of migraine patients. Improvement in quality of life was reported by 80% of patients.107

Probiotic interventions as a prophylactic way to treat migraine have been summarized in a recent systematic review.108 Out of 68 screened studies, only two studies were analyzed, one with negative 109 and one with positive outcome106 in diminishing migraine frequency and intensity. The authors of this review108 have recommended points for inclusion and exclusion for the enrolment of patients, considerations for study design that can recruit standard and comparable methods, and proper control groups, within sufficient time.108 Microbiome analysis, pre- and postintervention, has also been encouraged.108

Another potential explanation for the existing link between gastrointestinal disorders and migraine is the gut permeability,110 where the leaking of lipopolysaccharides from the lumen into the blood can trigger a proinflammatory response,111 which is known to play a role in migraine pathogenesis.112 In a group of migraine patients diagnosed with comorbid IBS, probiotics combined with an elimination diet were tested.113 Sixty patients were randomized into three groups to receive the elimination diet, probiotics, or diet plus probiotics.113 The study results demonstrated that the combination method was superior for improving migraine comorbid with IBS.113

In addition to gut composition, which was found different in migraine patients, collected samples from the oral cavity of patients with migraine have demonstrated different composition from controls.114,115 Significantly higher nitrate, nitrite, and nitric oxide reductase genes were found in oral cavity samples of migraine patients. Interestingly, nitrates and food additives are reported among headache triggers, and nitric oxide pathway has been linked to migraine.116,117 Therefore, bacterial composition can be investigated in oral cavity and fecal samples in migraine and composition might reveal differences from controls.114

Identification of the CGRP role in migraine, has led to the development of new targets118 such as monoclonal antibodies that target CGRP itself, or its receptor, and also new oral gepants, antagonists of CGRP receptor.119 Evidence is limited as if dietary components could interfere with CGRP in migraine. Cady and Durham treated rats with cocoa-enriched diets for 14 days and investigated the expression of CGRP in the trigeminal ganglion cells, where they reported a significant decrease in the expression.120 In cell models, CGRP secretion has also been diminished after treating cells with petasin, which is the active component of butterbur, grape seed, and ginger extract.121,122

In relation to CGRP, a new study123 has demonstrated that when migraine patients with episodic migraine were supplemented with vitamin D, they had lower headache days and disability assessed on the migraine-related disability score (MIDAS) showed a significant improvement after 12weeks.123 Researchers in this study analyzed the serum levels of CGRP and presented that in the group on vitamin D supplementation, CGRP level was significantly lower.123 Based on the findings and correlational analysis, the authors have proposed that vitamin D might exert some of its effect through lowering of the CGRP levels.123 A larger study with a longer duration together with supportive basic research studies to look into underlying mechanisms of vitamin D in lowering CGRP and exertion of antinociceptive effect through this path, have been suggested.123

Considering beneficial effects of targeting CGRP with recent compounds,118,119 this line of investigation remains open to identify how dietary components or patterns might interact with expression and function of CGRP to interact with migraine manifestations.

Neurologists often encourage their patients with migraine to follow a consistent lifestyle. This is based on the observation that sudden changes in any lifestyle component may provoke migraine attacks. This includes several components, such as exercise, sleep, workrest cycles, diet, etc. However, evidence is still limited. In addition, the pattern of diet or habits of dietary choices might be equally as important as content of the diets. A cross-sectional study in 2015124 that used logistic regression, found that migraine is associated with low intake of food, regardless of the type of food.

A review125 on dietary consistency has presented the topic from three different views to migraine. The authors have proposed migraine as an illness, a disease, and a state of inflammation.125 Within this proposed framework, the authors looked at the relationship between diet and migraine as a function of changes in these three.125 Other researchers have considered migraine a brain disorder of maladaptive response and have described a feedforward allostatic cascade model that can lead to migraine.126 In this model specific stressors such anxiety, noise, food, odors, and bright light can be tested. Each of these factors can contribute to the allostatic load with a different magnitude, and factors can be summed over time. Therefore, the authors have proposed that modification of these effectors or stressors can help to intervene with the skewed allostatic load in migraine.126 Independent of the viewpoint to migraine, maintaining consistency in daily living is not easy and most likely requires education, monitoring, and support, and scientifically driven patterns.125

Studies are vast in the literature to examine dietary triggers for migraine and to lesser to examine dietary intervention. However, the question remains open as to whether certain dietary intake patterns are specific to migraine and whether migraine pathogenesis would influence dietary choices and patterns. In this line, it is important to identify if the subtypes of migraine can have an influence on the choices. For example, if the state of aura would lead patients with migraine to select a specific dietary component or patterns, while those choices might be different from those patients who do not have aura, and in comparison with migraine-free individuals. To address this side of the diet-migraine relationship, studies with proper control groups, such as nonheadache and nonmigraine control groups, and including subtypes of migraine (episodic, chronic, with and without aura) would allow for a proper evaluation. However, the evidence is very limited. Pattern of food intake has been investigated in one study,124 where a large population of middle-aged women was included. This study124 was designed based on a hypothesis that migraine patients and healthy individuals are different when it comes to food intake and food avoidance behavior, and that subtypes of migraine (eg, with and without aura) may influence these behaviors even further. This study124 demonstrated that a migraine-specific pattern of food intake existed that was different from healthy individuals. The only exception was alcohol consumption. In addition, and based on the presence or absence of aura in migraine subtypes, the choice of certain food items was influenced. Those items were, for example, chocolate, processed meats, dairy products, and wine.124 Interestingly, lower intake of dietary compounds known as migraine triggers was not evident. This led to an assumption that those food items might have been avoided by patients within a particular subtype of migraine.124 Further studies, however, are required to investigate this arm of migrainediet relationship. Epidemiological findings have demonstrated that choice of diet by individuals with migraine is different from individuals without migraine and the difference reflects on several nutritional metrics,21 for instance, diet quality,127 diet composition,128 dietary schedule,50 and amount of consumption in a wide range of different foods.23,124,129 We still do not know if mechanisms underlying migraine pathogenesis might influence dietary intake.20,21 Future studies are warranted to identify the patterns and potential underlying mechanisms and to examine if migraine type, migraine frequency, and food intake are interrelated. Besides, longitudinal studies are preferred to cross-sectional studies.

Migraine pain and related disturbances may influence individuals with migraine to select a convenient, simple, or easy choice in diet, which might differ from those without migraine that have a tendency for a more complex dietary pattern. The choice can reflect on the amount, quality, timing, and patterns of dietary intake. This might be due to the fact that the hypothalamus has been found activated in the premonitory phase of migraine, the time that food cravings often occur.28,130 Food cravings, for instance for chocolate, have been reported to present and have accounted for triggering migraine attacks while this might be a part of the onset.1 Interestingly, chocolate has been a matter of investigation as one of the migraine triggers.131 A recent systematic review132 has looked into 25 studies that evaluated if chocolate acts as a trigger in migraine, where 23 studies reported that chocolate could trigger migraine. There were also three provocative studies133135 that tested the triggering effect of chocolate compared with placebo, and neither of those could identify a significant outcome. Therefore, based on these findings, the authors of the systematic review concluded that evidence is still lacking to draw any recommendation for migraine patients about eating or avoiding chocolate.132

Neurotransmitter, hormone, and adipocytokine levels in migraine patients are different compared with controls that might also influence the desire for food, or food intake or even the metabolic control of the hypothalamus18,136 in affected patients. For example, orexin A, was elevated in headache phase,32 while serotonin levels were lower during the interictal phase.30,31 Higher insulin resistance and elevated adipocytokines such as leptin are also reported in migraine patients compared with controls.33,34

The choice of mealtime by migraine patients might also affect the meal intake and its properties. There is a gap here for understanding how migraine history would influence a preferred mealtime in an attempt to manage migraines proactively. Mealtime can influence the content of meal depending on the time, and hence plays a role in the bidirectional loop of migraine-diet. In fact, a study from 2016137 has looked into the pattern of regular lifestyle behavior for three elements of sleep, mealtime, and daily exercise in patients with episodic and chronic migraine. This is the first study of the combined three variables compared with previous studies138140 that considered each domain separately. Findings from this study137 demonstrated that all three elements (ie, regular mealtime, regular sleep, and daily exercise) were lower in frequency among migraine patients with chronic migraine compared with episodic migraine. Interestingly, regular mealtime was found as the element that was adopted the best by both groups of migraine patients.137 The authors, therefore, proposed that self-regulated behaviors, such as regular mealtimes, would be beneficial for the affected patients to control their migraine.137 It is interesting to investigate whether genetic or epigenetic factors64 can influence the choice of mealtime by patients with migraine and if this differs between episodic and chronic migraine.

A small number of patients have been seen anecdotally to respond to the paleo diet or variations of this diet. The rationale follows a theory that modern era diseases, for example, diabetes, heart disease, and obesity were absent in the Paleolithic era. Therefore, a clear diet could also help prevent migraine. This diet is known for weight loss, and it is free from refined and processed food, additives and preservatives.

The gutbrain axis that is a bidirectional path, might also affect dietary choices here. Interestingly, the gutbrain axis has been discussed in terms of psychological aspects,141 named as gutbrain psychology, which brings mind to the equation of the brain and gut relationship. Based on this synchronism of gut, brain, and mind, it has been proposed that the gut microbiota could affect normal mental processes and under pathological mental and neurological disorders.141 Whether this can influence choice of diet in migraine, or when migraine is co-existent with other psychological conditions, eg, stress and anxiety, needs further investigation. This also remains to be tested as if other factors, eg, gender of migraine patients can affect this (by, eg, hormones or psychology-related factors). Figure 2 is an overview of the gutbrain axis and potential players in the bidirectional relationship of migraine and diet.

Figure 2 A bidirectional relationship of the gut and brain, and different factors that can potentially influence migrainediet bidirectional relationship within this system. Green arrows are toward improvement of migraine headache, while red arrows reflect on negative impact. For a comprehensive review on the gutbrain axis and migraine headache, please see Arzani et al.99

Taken together, a potential bidirectional relationship, where migraine influences food intake, and consumed food affects the manifestations of migraine, needs further investigation. The question, therefore, remains open as to whether migraine can affect dietary choices and to what extent, and how dietary choices can influence migraine. In a broader spectrum, the allostatic model in migraine126 could potentially help studying the influence of migraine on food intake and the influence of dietary intake on migraine. Table 1 provides an overview of the main points mentioned earlier for the dietmigraine relationship and considerations for future studies.

Table 1 A Summary of Main Elements in Bidirectional Aspects of DietMigraine and MigraineDiet Relationship

Diet as a potential trigger for migraine has been discussed for some time. Identification of potential dietary triggers for migraine125 has mainly emerged via keeping dairies, avoidance behavior, or elimination diets to help managing migraine.142,143 Some triggers appear common among the migraine population, while others appear to be unique to individuals. Therefore, identification of personal food triggers in each individual seems valuable to assist with a better way of coping with migraine. No particular migraine diet exists yet to lean on a strong evidence, and hence the investigation of dietary patterns is needed to confirm efficacy before recommending for migraine prevention. Types of evidence, including level of effect are, therefore, expected from these interventions. For each, one must consider the burden of various diets for patients and if any potential side effects or safety issues may occur.20

Comorbidities are also important to consider, such as IBS and in this regard, studying the role of the gutbrain axis is encouraged. Migraine has been also associated with cardiovascular and psychological disorders. Therefore, studying dietary interventions that can be beneficial for comorbid conditions are valuable. Dietary recommendations for migraine may aid in immediate control, slow progression, or prevention of diet-related comorbidities (eg, obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases). These recommendations are often included in a broader lifestyle modification, including sleep hygiene, stress management, regular exercise, or smoking cessation. A focus on maintenance of a consistent healthy lifestyle, in addition to nonpharmacological and pharmacological management of migraines seems to be the key for most of migraine patients.20 Implementation of any lifestyle changes, including dietary factors, needs a careful evaluation and a clear communication to help both clinicians and patients to achieve expected and reasonable goals. Education, monitoring, and support are essential elements in particular in long-term interventions and follow-ups.20 Effect of migraine or its evolution over age and among the genders for dietary choices, and dietary pattern is not known.51 Pattern, quality, and amount of food can also be influenced by geographical locations, cultural, and religious factors. These factors must be considered and reported in future studies of any potential bidirectional relationship between migraine and diet.

The author reports no conflicts of interest in this work.

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[Full text] A Bidirectional View of Migraine and Diet Relationship | NDT - Dove Medical Press


Feb 10

Kate Middleton diet: What is the Duchess routine to maintain her slim figure? – Express

Kate Middleton has looked more or less the same since she was first thrown into the limelight by marrying into the royal family in 2012. It was reported at the time that the Duchess followed the Dukan diet to lose weight before her wedding to Prince William, and then again in order to lose her baby weight after giving birth to her three children.

The Dukan diet was created in the 1970s by French general practitioner Pierre Dukan.

It involves removing carbohydrates from your diet and swapping them with proteins, vegetables, and healthy fats and oils.

The Dukan diet claims to produce rapid, permanent weight loss without hunger.

However, it is probably not a long-term solution for weight loss as carbohydrates are an essential part of anyones daily diet, according to Healthline.

READ MORE:Meghan Markle and Harry's body language 'unique' as Prince 'takes the lead'

The fourth phase of the diet is called the Stabilization Phase, according to Healthline, and it is the same as the third phase, but the rules can be loosened as the dieters weight starts to remain stable.

Oat bran is increased to three tablespoons every day.

The duration of each phase depends on how much weight the dieter wants to lose.

Dieters can eat plenty of meat as their protein intake during the diet, including chicken, turkey and pork.

Kate exercises regularly to maintain her goal weight, as well as her excellent figure.

The Duchess incorporates cardiovascular activity into her fitness regime, including running and cycling.

To develop upper body strength, she uses a Swiss gym ball.

Kate is also a fan of yoga, according to Marie Claire, which is beneficial in maintaining both a healthy body and mind.

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Kate Middleton diet: What is the Duchess routine to maintain her slim figure? - Express



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